FedGraph: Federated Graph Learning with Intelligent Sampling
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Abstract (arXiv)
Federated learning has attracted much research attention due to its privacy protection in distributed machine learning. However, existing work of federated learning mainly focuses on Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), which cannot efficiently handle graph data that are popular in many applications. Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) has been proposed as one of the most promising techniques for graph learning, but its federated setting has been seldom explored. In this paper, we propose FedGraph for federated graph learning among multiple computing clients, each of which holds a subgraph. FedGraph provides strong graph learning capability across clients by addressing two unique challenges. First, traditional GCN training needs feature data sharing among clients, leading to risk of privacy leakage. FedGraph solves this issue using a novel cross-client convolution operation. The second challenge is high GCN training overhead incurred by large graph size. We propose an intelligent graph sampling algorithm based on deep reinforcement learning, which can automatically converge to the optimal sampling policies that balance training speed and accuracy. We implement FedGraph based on PyTorch and deploy it on a testbed for performance evaluation. The experimental results of four popular datasets demonstrate that FedGraph significantly outperforms existing work by enabling faster convergence to higher accuracy.
Key facts. Cited by 34 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 22 of its 49 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 2 Nov 2021.
Builds on
22 of 49 references.
References · 22
- 2016Semi-Supervised Classification with Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 11,282
- 2016Communication-Efficient Learning of Deep Networks from Decentralized Datacited by 7,592
- 2017Inductive Representation Learning on Large Graphscited by 6,284
- 2015Continuous control with deep reinforcement learningcited by 3,279
- 2019A Comprehensive Survey on Graph Neural Networkscited by 2,906
- 2018Graph Neural Networks: A Review of Methods and Applicationscited by 1,571
- 2016Federated Learning: Strategies for Improving Communication Efficiencycited by 1,461
- 2016Variational Graph Auto-Encoderscited by 1,373
- 2018Graph Convolutional Neural Networks for Web-Scale Recommender Systemscited by 1,133
- 2018Federated Learning with Non-IID Datacited by 1,099
- 2020Simple and Deep Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 857
- 2019DropEdge: Towards Deep Graph Convolutional Networks on Node Classificationcited by 679
10 more
- 2018FastGCN: Fast Learning with Graph Convolutional Networks via Importance Samplingcited by 583
- 2016Federated Optimization: Distributed Machine Learning for On-Device Intelligencecited by 558
- 2019Cluster-GCN: An Efficient Algorithm for Training Deep and Large Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 540
- 2018Adaptive Sampling Towards Fast Graph Representation Learningcited by 180
- 2019Layer-Dependent Importance Sampling for Training Deep and Large Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 177
- 2016GRAM: Graph-based Attention Model for Healthcare Representation Learningcited by 152
- 2017Graph Convolutional Encoders for Syntax-aware Neural Machine Translationcited by 70
- 2020ASFGNN: Automated Separated-Federated Graph Neural Networkcited by 36
- 2019Towards Federated Graph Learning for Collaborative Financial Crimes Detectioncited by 33
- 2020Federated Dynamic GNN with Secure Aggregationcited by 15
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 6; 2023: 7; 2024: 12; 2025: 6; 2026: 3.
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- 2022Trustworthy Graph Neural Networks: Aspects, Methods and Trendscited by 88
- 2022Federated Graph Neural Networks: Overview, Techniques and Challengescited by 52
- 2022GAP: Differentially Private Graph Neural Networks with Aggregation Perturbationcited by 46
- 2023Inductive Graph Unlearningcited by 30
- 2022Federated Graph Machine Learning: A Survey of Concepts, Techniques, and Applicationscited by 14
- 2024Deep Efficient Private Neighbor Generation for Subgraph Federated Learningcited by 14
- 2022SecGNN: Privacy-Preserving Graph Neural Network Training and Inference as a Cloud Servicecited by 10
- 2023Privacy-Preserving Graph Machine Learning from Data to Computation: A Surveycited by 10
- 2025A Comprehensive Data-centric Overview of Federated Graph Learningcited by 7
- 2023Lumos: Heterogeneity-aware Federated Graph Learning over Decentralized Devicescited by 6
- 2025Subgraph Federated Learning via Spectral Methodscited by 6
- 2023Edge-cloud Collaborative Learning with Federated and Centralized Featurescited by 5
22 more
- 2024FedGT: Federated Node Classification with Scalable Graph Transformercited by 5
- 2024HiFGL: A Hierarchical Framework for Cross-silo Cross-device Federated Graph Learningcited by 4
- 2023GLASU: A Communication-Efficient Algorithm for Federated Learning with Vertically Distributed Graph Datacited by 3
- 2024Decoupled Subgraph Federated Learningcited by 3
- 2024Efficient Model Compression for Hierarchical Federated Learningcited by 3
- 2023Federated Learning Based Distributed Localization of False Data Injection Attacks on Smart Gridscited by 2
- 2024Edge Graph Intelligence: Reciprocally Empowering Edge Networks with Graph Intelligencecited by 2
- 2023DGC: Training Dynamic Graphs with Spatio-Temporal Non-Uniformity using Graph Partitioning by Chunkscited by 1
- 2024Against Multifaceted Graph Heterogeneity via Asymmetric Federated Prompt Learningcited by 1
- 2025FedGrAINS: Personalized SubGraph Federated Learning with Adaptive Neighbor Samplingcited by 1
- 2022Federated Graph Representation Learning using Self-Supervisioncited by 0
- 2024SpreadFGL: Edge-Client Collaborative Federated Graph Learning with Adaptive Neighbor Generationcited by 0
- 2024Federated Hypergraph Learning with Local Differential Privacy: Toward Privacy-Aware Hypergraph Structure Completioncited by 0
- 2024Query-Efficient Adversarial Attack Against Vertical Federated Graph Learningcited by 0
- 2024DM4Steal: Diffusion Model For Link Stealing Attack On Graph Neural Networkscited by 0
- 2024Attributed Graph Clustering in Collaborative Settingscited by 0
- 2025Intelligent Sampling of Extreme-Scale Turbulence Datasets for Accurate and Efficient Spatiotemporal Model Trainingcited by 0
- 2025Federated Fine-Tuning of Sparsely-Activated Large Language Models on Resource-Constrained Devicescited by 0
- 2025Dissecting Federated-Graph Aggregation under Domain Shift: Importance-Aware Aggregation via Empirical Analysiscited by 0
- 2026Federated Graph AGI for Cross-Border Insider Threat Intelligence in Government Financial Schemescited by 0
- 2026Learning Unknown Interdependencies for Decentralized Root Cause Analysis in Nonlinear Dynamical Systemscited by 0
- 2026DG-CoLearn: An Efficient Collaborative Learning Framework for Dynamic Graphscited by 0
- 2026DG-CoLearn: An Efficient Collaborative Learning Framework for Dynamic Graphs29 May 2026
- 2026Learning Unknown Interdependencies for Decentralized Root Cause Analysis in Nonlinear Dynamical Systems25 Feb 2026
- 2026Federated Graph AGI for Cross-Border Insider Threat Intelligence in Government Financial Schemes18 Feb 2026
- 2025Subgraph Federated Learning via Spectral Methods29 Oct 2025
- 2025Dissecting Federated-Graph Aggregation under Domain Shift: Importance-Aware Aggregation via Empirical Analysis17 Sep 2025
- 2025Federated Fine-Tuning of Sparsely-Activated Large Language Models on Resource-Constrained Devices26 Aug 2025
- 2025Intelligent Sampling of Extreme-Scale Turbulence Datasets for Accurate and Efficient Spatiotemporal Model Training5 Aug 2025
- 2025A Comprehensive Data-centric Overview of Federated Graph Learning22 Jul 2025
- 2025FedGrAINS: Personalized SubGraph Federated Learning with Adaptive Neighbor Sampling22 Jan 2025
- 2024Attributed Graph Clustering in Collaborative Settings19 Nov 2024
- 2024DM4Steal: Diffusion Model For Link Stealing Attack On Graph Neural Networks5 Nov 2024
- 2024Query-Efficient Adversarial Attack Against Vertical Federated Graph Learning5 Nov 2024
22 more
- 2024Against Multifaceted Graph Heterogeneity via Asymmetric Federated Prompt Learning4 Nov 2024
- 2024Federated Hypergraph Learning with Local Differential Privacy: Toward Privacy-Aware Hypergraph Structure Completion9 Aug 2024
- 2024SpreadFGL: Edge-Client Collaborative Federated Graph Learning with Adaptive Neighbor Generation14 Jul 2024
- 2024Edge Graph Intelligence: Reciprocally Empowering Edge Networks with Graph Intelligence7 Jul 2024
- 2024HiFGL: A Hierarchical Framework for Cross-silo Cross-device Federated Graph Learning15 Jun 2024
- 2024Efficient Model Compression for Hierarchical Federated Learning27 May 2024
- 2024Decoupled Subgraph Federated Learning29 Feb 2024
- 2024FedGT: Federated Node Classification with Scalable Graph Transformer26 Jan 2024
- 2024Deep Efficient Private Neighbor Generation for Subgraph Federated Learning9 Jan 2024
- 2023DGC: Training Dynamic Graphs with Spatio-Temporal Non-Uniformity using Graph Partitioning by Chunks7 Sep 2023
- 2023Privacy-Preserving Graph Machine Learning from Data to Computation: A Survey10 Jul 2023
- 2023Federated Learning Based Distributed Localization of False Data Injection Attacks on Smart Grids17 Jun 2023
- 2023Edge-cloud Collaborative Learning with Federated and Centralized Features12 Apr 2023
- 2023Inductive Graph Unlearning6 Apr 2023
- 2023GLASU: A Communication-Efficient Algorithm for Federated Learning with Vertically Distributed Graph Data16 Mar 2023
- 2023Lumos: Heterogeneity-aware Federated Graph Learning over Decentralized Devices1 Mar 2023
- 2022Federated Graph Representation Learning using Self-Supervision27 Oct 2022
- 2022Federated Graph Machine Learning: A Survey of Concepts, Techniques, and Applications24 Jul 2022
- 2022Trustworthy Graph Neural Networks: Aspects, Methods and Trends16 May 2022
- 2022GAP: Differentially Private Graph Neural Networks with Aggregation Perturbation2 Mar 2022
- 2022SecGNN: Privacy-Preserving Graph Neural Network Training and Inference as a Cloud Service16 Feb 2022
- 2022Federated Graph Neural Networks: Overview, Techniques and Challenges15 Feb 2022
- 2023Inductive Graph Unlearningcited by 30
- 2023Inductive Graph Unlearning6 Apr 2023
- 2022Trustworthy Graph Neural Networks: Aspects, Methods and Trendscited by 88
- 2022Federated Graph Neural Networks: Overview, Techniques and Challengescited by 52
- 2022GAP: Differentially Private Graph Neural Networks with Aggregation Perturbationcited by 46
- 2022Federated Graph Machine Learning: A Survey of Concepts, Techniques, and Applicationscited by 14
- 2024Deep Efficient Private Neighbor Generation for Subgraph Federated Learningcited by 14
- 2022SecGNN: Privacy-Preserving Graph Neural Network Training and Inference as a Cloud Servicecited by 10
- 2023Privacy-Preserving Graph Machine Learning from Data to Computation: A Surveycited by 10
- 2025A Comprehensive Data-centric Overview of Federated Graph Learningcited by 7
- 2023Lumos: Heterogeneity-aware Federated Graph Learning over Decentralized Devicescited by 6
- 2025Subgraph Federated Learning via Spectral Methodscited by 6
- 2023Edge-cloud Collaborative Learning with Federated and Centralized Featurescited by 5
- 2024FedGT: Federated Node Classification with Scalable Graph Transformercited by 5
12 most cited of 31 All 31 (JSON)
- 2026DG-CoLearn: An Efficient Collaborative Learning Framework for Dynamic Graphs29 May 2026
- 2026Learning Unknown Interdependencies for Decentralized Root Cause Analysis in Nonlinear Dynamical Systems25 Feb 2026
- 2026Federated Graph AGI for Cross-Border Insider Threat Intelligence in Government Financial Schemes18 Feb 2026
- 2025Subgraph Federated Learning via Spectral Methods29 Oct 2025
- 2025Dissecting Federated-Graph Aggregation under Domain Shift: Importance-Aware Aggregation via Empirical Analysis17 Sep 2025
- 2025Intelligent Sampling of Extreme-Scale Turbulence Datasets for Accurate and Efficient Spatiotemporal Model Training5 Aug 2025
- 2025A Comprehensive Data-centric Overview of Federated Graph Learning22 Jul 2025
- 2025FedGrAINS: Personalized SubGraph Federated Learning with Adaptive Neighbor Sampling22 Jan 2025
- 2024Attributed Graph Clustering in Collaborative Settings19 Nov 2024
- 2024Query-Efficient Adversarial Attack Against Vertical Federated Graph Learning5 Nov 2024
- 2024Against Multifaceted Graph Heterogeneity via Asymmetric Federated Prompt Learning4 Nov 2024
- 2024Federated Hypergraph Learning with Local Differential Privacy: Toward Privacy-Aware Hypergraph Structure Completion9 Aug 2024
12 newest of 31 All 31 (JSON)