MixQG: Neural Question Generation with Mixed Answer Types
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Abstract (arXiv)
Asking good questions is an essential ability for both human and machine intelligence. However, existing neural question generation approaches mainly focus on the short factoid type of answers. In this paper, we propose a neural question generator, MixQG, to bridge this gap. We combine 9 question answering datasets with diverse answer types, including yes/no, multiple-choice, extractive, and abstractive answers, to train a single generative model. We show with empirical results that our model outperforms existing work in both seen and unseen domains and can generate questions with different cognitive levels when conditioned on different answer types. Our code is released and well-integrated with the Huggingface library to facilitate various downstream applications.
Key facts. Cited by 28 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 34 of its 58 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 Oct 2021.
Builds on
34 of 58 references.
References · 34
- 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,599
- 2019BART: Denoising Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training for Natural Language Generation, Translation, and Comprehensioncited by 5,893
- 2019BERTScore: Evaluating Text Generation with BERTcited by 5,512
- 2016SQuAD: 100,000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Textcited by 4,148
- 2018HotpotQA: A Dataset for Diverse, Explainable Multi-hop Question Answeringcited by 3,754
- 2017TriviaQA: A Large Scale Distantly Supervised Challenge Dataset for Reading Comprehensioncited by 2,955
- 2019BoolQ: Exploring the Surprising Difficulty of Natural Yes/No Questionscited by 2,183
- 2017Decoupled Weight Decay Regularizationcited by 1,831
- 2019PEGASUS: Pre-training with Extracted Gap-sentences for Abstractive Summarizationcited by 1,102
- 2019DROP: A Reading Comprehension Benchmark Requiring Discrete Reasoning Over Paragraphscited by 903
- 2019Unified Language Model Pre-training for Natural Language Understanding and Generationcited by 670
- 2017The NarrativeQA Reading Comprehension Challengecited by 597
22 more
- 2019ELI5: Long Form Question Answeringcited by 575
- 2020UnifiedQA: Crossing Format Boundaries With a Single QA Systemcited by 476
- 2016NewsQA: A Machine Comprehension Datasetcited by 331
- 2017SearchQA: A New Q&A Dataset Augmented with Context from a Search Enginecited by 225
- 2020ProphetNet: Predicting Future N-gram for Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-trainingcited by 222
- 2017Learning to Ask: Neural Question Generation for Reading Comprehensioncited by 186
- 2019MRQA 2019 Shared Task: Evaluating Generalization in Reading Comprehensioncited by 184
- 2019Quoref: A Reading Comprehension Dataset with Questions Requiring Coreferential Reasoningcited by 100
- 2019Addressing Semantic Drift in Question Generation for Semi-Supervised Question Answeringcited by 63
- 2019TWEETQA: A Social Media Focused Question Answering Datasetcited by 55
- 2021GooAQ: Open Question Answering with Diverse Answer Typescited by 53
- 2018Towards a Better Metric for Evaluating Question Generation Systemscited by 52
- 2021Zero-shot Fact Verification by Claim Generationcited by 42
- 2021Controllable Open-ended Question Generation with A New Question Type Ontologycited by 36
- 2018Learning to Ask Questions in Open-domain Conversational Systems with Typed Decoderscited by 26
- 2021Quiz-Style Question Generation for News Storiescited by 23
- 2021Data-QuestEval: A Referenceless Metric for Data-to-Text Semantic Evaluationcited by 21
- 2020Multi-hop Question Generation with Graph Convolutional Networkcited by 20
- 2021QAConv: Question Answering on Informative Conversationscited by 17
- 2019Question-type Driven Question Generationcited by 16
- 2019Contrastive Multi-document Question Generationcited by 15
- 2021What's The Latest? A Question-driven News Chatbotcited by 14
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 11; 2023: 10; 2024: 2; 2025: 3; 2026: 1.
28 papers.
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- 2021QAFactEval: Improved QA-Based Factual Consistency Evaluation for Summarizationcited by 236
- 2023Zero-shot Faithful Factual Error Correctioncited by 26
- 2022Question Generation for Reading Comprehension Assessment by Modeling How and What to Askcited by 20
- 2022RQUGE: Reference-Free Metric for Evaluating Question Generation by Answering the Questioncited by 17
- 2022Socratic Pretraining: Question-Driven Pretraining for Controllable Summarizationcited by 17
- 2022Learning to Ask Like a Physiciancited by 16
- 2023An Empirical Comparison of LM-based Question and Answer Generation Methodscited by 15
- 2022Quiz Design Task: Helping Teachers Create Quizzes with Automated Question Generationcited by 12
- 2023FOLLOWUPQG: Towards Information-Seeking Follow-up Question Generationcited by 12
- 2022Discord Questions: A Computational Approach To Diversity Analysis in News Coveragecited by 11
- 2023SmartBook: AI-Assisted Situation Report Generation for Intelligence Analystscited by 9
- 2022CoHS-CQG: Context and History Selection for Conversational Question Generationcited by 8
16 more
- 2023ChatGPT as a Math Questioner? Evaluating ChatGPT on Generating Pre-university Math Questionscited by 8
- 2022NewsPod: Automatic and Interactive News Podcastscited by 6
- 2022Best-k Search Algorithm for Neural Text Generationcited by 6
- 2024Document-level Claim Extraction and Decontextualisation for Fact-Checkingcited by 6
- 2022Downstream Transformer Generation of Question-Answer Pairs with Preprocessing and Postprocessing Pipelinescited by 5
- 2023Designing and Evaluating Interfaces that Highlight News Coverage Diversity Using Discord Questionscited by 3
- 2025Multi-Hop Question Generation via Dual-Perspective Keyword Guidancecited by 3
- 2023Weakly-Supervised Questions for Zero-Shot Relation Extractioncited by 2
- 2023Automatic Generation of Multiple-Choice Questionscited by 2
- 2024Robust and Scalable Model Editing for Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2025KCS: Diversify Multi-hop Question Generation with Knowledge Composition Samplingcited by 2
- 2022Near-Negative Distinction: Giving a Second Life to Human Evaluation Datasetscited by 1
- 2025Exploration of Plan-Guided Summarization for Narrative Texts: the Case of Small Language Modelscited by 1
- 2023Using Implicit Feedback to Improve Question Generationcited by 0
- 2023Recent Trends in Unsupervised Summarizationcited by 0
- 2026Exploiting Intrinsic Duality for Multi-Hop Question Generationcited by 0
- 2026Exploiting Intrinsic Duality for Multi-Hop Question Generation1 Aug 2026
- 2025KCS: Diversify Multi-hop Question Generation with Knowledge Composition Sampling28 Aug 2025
- 2025Multi-Hop Question Generation via Dual-Perspective Keyword Guidance21 May 2025
- 2025Exploration of Plan-Guided Summarization for Narrative Texts: the Case of Small Language Models12 Apr 2025
- 2024Document-level Claim Extraction and Decontextualisation for Fact-Checking5 Jun 2024
- 2024Robust and Scalable Model Editing for Large Language Models26 Mar 2024
- 2023ChatGPT as a Math Questioner? Evaluating ChatGPT on Generating Pre-university Math Questions4 Dec 2023
- 2023FOLLOWUPQG: Towards Information-Seeking Follow-up Question Generation10 Sep 2023
- 2023An Empirical Comparison of LM-based Question and Answer Generation Methods26 May 2023
- 2023Recent Trends in Unsupervised Summarization18 May 2023
- 2023Zero-shot Faithful Factual Error Correction13 May 2023
- 2023Using Implicit Feedback to Improve Question Generation26 Apr 2023
16 more
- 2023Automatic Generation of Multiple-Choice Questions25 Mar 2023
- 2023SmartBook: AI-Assisted Situation Report Generation for Intelligence Analysts25 Mar 2023
- 2023Designing and Evaluating Interfaces that Highlight News Coverage Diversity Using Discord Questions17 Feb 2023
- 2023Weakly-Supervised Questions for Zero-Shot Relation Extraction21 Jan 2023
- 2022Socratic Pretraining: Question-Driven Pretraining for Controllable Summarization20 Dec 2022
- 2022Best-k Search Algorithm for Neural Text Generation22 Nov 2022
- 2022Discord Questions: A Computational Approach To Diversity Analysis in News Coverage9 Nov 2022
- 2022RQUGE: Reference-Free Metric for Evaluating Question Generation by Answering the Question2 Nov 2022
- 2022CoHS-CQG: Context and History Selection for Conversational Question Generation14 Sep 2022
- 2022Learning to Ask Like a Physician6 Jun 2022
- 2022Downstream Transformer Generation of Question-Answer Pairs with Preprocessing and Postprocessing Pipelines15 May 2022
- 2022Near-Negative Distinction: Giving a Second Life to Human Evaluation Datasets13 May 2022
- 2022Quiz Design Task: Helping Teachers Create Quizzes with Automated Question Generation3 May 2022
- 2022Question Generation for Reading Comprehension Assessment by Modeling How and What to Ask6 Apr 2022
- 2022NewsPod: Automatic and Interactive News Podcasts15 Feb 2022
- 2021QAFactEval: Improved QA-Based Factual Consistency Evaluation for Summarization16 Dec 2021
- 2021QAFactEval: Improved QA-Based Factual Consistency Evaluation for Summarizationcited by 236
- 2023Zero-shot Faithful Factual Error Correctioncited by 26
- 2022Question Generation for Reading Comprehension Assessment by Modeling How and What to Askcited by 20
- 2022RQUGE: Reference-Free Metric for Evaluating Question Generation by Answering the Questioncited by 17
- 2022Socratic Pretraining: Question-Driven Pretraining for Controllable Summarizationcited by 17
- 2022Learning to Ask Like a Physiciancited by 16
- 2023An Empirical Comparison of LM-based Question and Answer Generation Methodscited by 15
- 2022Quiz Design Task: Helping Teachers Create Quizzes with Automated Question Generationcited by 12
- 2023FOLLOWUPQG: Towards Information-Seeking Follow-up Question Generationcited by 12
- 2022Discord Questions: A Computational Approach To Diversity Analysis in News Coveragecited by 11
- 2023SmartBook: AI-Assisted Situation Report Generation for Intelligence Analystscited by 9
- 2022CoHS-CQG: Context and History Selection for Conversational Question Generationcited by 8
12 most cited of 28 All 28 (JSON)
- 2026Exploiting Intrinsic Duality for Multi-Hop Question Generation1 Aug 2026
- 2025KCS: Diversify Multi-hop Question Generation with Knowledge Composition Sampling28 Aug 2025
- 2025Multi-Hop Question Generation via Dual-Perspective Keyword Guidance21 May 2025
- 2025Exploration of Plan-Guided Summarization for Narrative Texts: the Case of Small Language Models12 Apr 2025
- 2024Document-level Claim Extraction and Decontextualisation for Fact-Checking5 Jun 2024
- 2024Robust and Scalable Model Editing for Large Language Models26 Mar 2024
- 2023ChatGPT as a Math Questioner? Evaluating ChatGPT on Generating Pre-university Math Questions4 Dec 2023
- 2023FOLLOWUPQG: Towards Information-Seeking Follow-up Question Generation10 Sep 2023
- 2023An Empirical Comparison of LM-based Question and Answer Generation Methods26 May 2023
- 2023Recent Trends in Unsupervised Summarization18 May 2023
- 2023Zero-shot Faithful Factual Error Correction13 May 2023
- 2023Using Implicit Feedback to Improve Question Generation26 Apr 2023
12 newest of 28 All 28 (JSON)