mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

QTN-VQC: An End-to-End Learning framework for Quantum Neural Networks

arXiv 2110.03861 ↗First posted 6 Oct 2021quant-ph cs.AI cs.CLcited by 27

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Abstract (arXiv)

The advent of noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computers raises a crucial challenge to design quantum neural networks for fully quantum learning tasks. To bridge the gap, this work proposes an end-to-end learning framework named QTN-VQC, by introducing a trainable quantum tensor network (QTN) for quantum embedding on a variational quantum circuit (VQC). The architecture of QTN is composed of a parametric tensor-train network for feature extraction and a tensor product encoding for quantum embedding. We highlight the QTN for quantum embedding in terms of two perspectives: (1) we theoretically characterize QTN by analyzing its representation power of input features; (2) QTN enables an end-to-end parametric model pipeline, namely QTN-VQC, from the generation of quantum embedding to the output measurement. Our experiments on the MNIST dataset demonstrate the advantages of QTN for quantum embedding over other quantum embedding approaches.

Key facts. Cited by 27 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 24 of its 93 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 Oct 2021.

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24 of 93 references.

References · 24

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12 more
  1. 2021Reinforcement learning for optimization of variational quantum circuit architecturescited by 77
  2. 2018Towards Quantum Machine Learning with Tensor Networkscited by 76
  3. 2020Quantum noise protects quantum classifiers against adversariescited by 68
  4. 2017Tensor-Train Recurrent Neural Networks for Video Classificationcited by 59
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 7; 2023: 4; 2024: 7; 2025: 8.

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  1. 2022When BERT Meets Quantum Temporal Convolution Learning for Text Classification in Heterogeneous Computingcited by 40
  2. 2022Theoretical Error Performance Analysis for Variational Quantum Circuit Based Functional Regressioncited by 26
  3. 2022Quantum deep recurrent reinforcement learningcited by 24
  4. 2024Learning to Program Variational Quantum Circuits with Fast Weightscited by 24
  5. 2023Asynchronous training of quantum reinforcement learningcited by 20
  6. 2021Classical-to-Quantum Transfer Learning for Spoken Command Recognition Based on Quantum Neural Networkscited by 19
  7. 2025Learning to Measure Quantum Neural Networkscited by 15
  8. 2022Federated Quantum Natural Gradient Descent for Quantum Federated Learningcited by 14
  9. 2022Reservoir Computing via Quantum Recurrent Neural Networkscited by 14
  10. 2023Optimizing Quantum Federated Learning Based on Federated Quantum Natural Gradient Descentcited by 14
  11. 2024Differentiable Quantum Architecture Search in Asynchronous Quantum Reinforcement Learningcited by 14
  12. 2024Quantum-Train-Based Distributed Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 14
15 more
  1. 2022Quantum Distributed Deep Learning Architectures: Models, Discussions, and Applicationscited by 13
  2. 2024'Eliv'agar: Efficient Quantum Circuit Search for Classificationcited by 12
  3. 2024Evolutionary Optimization for Designing Variational Quantum Circuits with High Model Capacitycited by 9
  4. 2024An Introduction to Quantum Reinforcement Learning (QRL)cited by 7
  5. 2025Adaptive Non-local Observable on Quantum Neural Networkscited by 7
  6. 2025Differentiable Quantum Architecture Search in Quantum-Enhanced Neural Network Parameter Generationcited by 7
  7. 2025Learning to Program Quantum Measurements for Machine Learningcited by 7
  8. 2022Compositional optimization of quantum circuits for quantum kernels of support vector machinescited by 6
  9. 2025Transfer Learning Analysis of Variational Quantum Circuitscited by 3
  10. 2025Introduction to Quantum Machine Learning and Quantum Architecture Searchcited by 3
  11. 2023Quantum deep Q learning with distributed prioritized experience replaycited by 2
  12. 2024Quantum Machine Learning: An Interplay Between Quantum Computing and Machine Learningcited by 2
  13. 2023Pre-training Tensor-Train Networks Facilitates Machine Learning with Variational Quantum Circuitscited by 1
  14. 2025Quantum feature-map learning with reduced resource overheadcited by 1
  15. 2025Neural Architecture Search for Quantum Autoencoderscited by 1