mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Transferring Knowledge from Vision to Language: How to Achieve it and how to Measure it?

arXiv 2109.11321 ↗First posted 23 Sep 2021cs.CLcited by 18

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Abstract (arXiv)

Large language models are known to suffer from the hallucination problem in that they are prone to output statements that are false or inconsistent, indicating a lack of knowledge. A proposed solution to this is to provide the model with additional data modalities that complements the knowledge obtained through text. We investigate the use of visual data to complement the knowledge of large language models by proposing a method for evaluating visual knowledge transfer to text for uni- or multimodal language models. The method is based on two steps, 1) a novel task querying for knowledge of memory colors, i.e. typical colors of well-known objects, and 2) filtering of model training data to clearly separate knowledge contributions. Additionally, we introduce a model architecture that involves a visual imagination step and evaluate it with our proposed method. We find that our method can successfully be used to measure visual knowledge transfer capabilities in models and that our novel model architecture shows promising results for leveraging multimodal knowledge in a unimodal setting.

Key facts. Cited by 18 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 26 of its 38 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Sep 2021.

Builds on

26 of 38 references.

References · 26

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
  2. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
  3. 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,744
  4. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
  5. 2014Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Contextcited by 17,608
  6. 2015Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networkscited by 9,639
  7. 2016Visual Genome: Connecting Language and Vision Using Crowdsourced Dense Image Annotationscited by 2,656
  8. 2016Making the V in VQA Matter: Elevating the Role of Image Understanding in Visual Question Answeringcited by 2,516
  9. 2019ViLBERT: Pretraining Task-Agnostic Visiolinguistic Representations for Vision-and-Language Taskscited by 2,222
  10. 2020REALM: Retrieval-Augmented Language Model Pre-Trainingcited by 2,141
  11. 2019Language Models as Knowledge Bases?cited by 1,936
  12. 2019LXMERT: Learning Cross-Modality Encoder Representations from Transformerscited by 1,553
14 more
  1. 2020Oscar: Object-Semantics Aligned Pre-training for Vision-Language Taskscited by 1,214
  2. 2019How Can We Know What Language Models Know?cited by 959
  3. 2020On Faithfulness and Factuality in Abstractive Summarizationcited by 900
  4. 2020Recipes for building an open-domain chatbotcited by 593
  5. 2018A Corpus for Reasoning About Natural Language Grounded in Photographscited by 459
  6. 2020Experience Grounds Languagecited by 242
  7. 2020ImageBERT: Cross-modal Pre-training with Large-scale Weak-supervised Image-Text Datacited by 137
  8. 2019Don't Say That! Making Inconsistent Dialogue Unlikely with Unlikelihood Trainingcited by 110
  9. 2019Barack's Wife Hillary: Using Knowledge-Graphs for Fact-Aware Language Modelingcited by 71
  10. 2021PIGLeT: Language Grounding Through Neuro-Symbolic Interaction in a 3D Worldcited by 47
  11. 2017Imagination improves Multimodal Translationcited by 38
  12. 2017Learning Visually Grounded Sentence Representationscited by 24
  13. 2015Learning language through picturescited by 12
  14. 2021Visual Grounding Strategies for Text-Only Natural Language Processingcited by 7

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 5; 2023: 5; 2024: 5; 2025: 1; 2026: 1.

18 papers.

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  1. 2023Language Is Not All You Need: Aligning Perception with Language Modelscited by 543
  2. 2025MIB: A Mechanistic Interpretability Benchmarkcited by 56
  3. 2024Answer, Assemble, Ace: Understanding How LMs Answer Multiple Choice Questionscited by 35
  4. 2022VALHALLA: Visual Hallucination for Machine Translationcited by 27
  5. 2024Lumen: Unleashing Versatile Vision-Centric Capabilities of Large Multimodal Modelscited by 24
  6. 2022Visually-Augmented Language Modelingcited by 18
  7. 2023The Effect of Scaling, Retrieval Augmentation and Form on the Factual Consistency of Language Modelscited by 11
  8. 2021TraVLR: Now You See It, Now You Don't! A Bimodal Dataset for Evaluating Visio-Linguistic Reasoningcited by 4
  9. 2022How to Adapt Pre-trained Vision-and-Language Models to a Text-only Input?cited by 4
  10. 2023ImageNetVC: Zero- and Few-Shot Visual Commonsense Evaluation on 1000 ImageNet Categoriescited by 4
  11. 2022What do Models Learn From Training on More Than Text? Measuring Visual Commonsense Knowledgecited by 3
  12. 2023Towards Versatile and Efficient Visual Knowledge Integration into Pre-trained Language Models with Cross-Modal Adapterscited by 2
6 more
  1. 2022Visualizing the Obvious: A Concreteness-based Ensemble Model for Noun Property Predictioncited by 1
  2. 2024WinoViz: Probing Visual Properties of Objects Under Different Statescited by 1
  3. 2024LaMI: Augmenting Large Language Models via Late Multi-Image Fusioncited by 1
  4. 2023Controlling for Stereotypes in Multimodal Language Model Evaluationcited by 0
  5. 2024Improving the Efficiency of Visually Augmented Language Modelscited by 0
  6. 2026When Models Decide and When They Bind: A Two-Stage Computation for Multiple-Choice Question-Answeringcited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2026Switch-KD: Visual-Switch Knowledge Distillation for Vision-Language Models
  2. 2024Unveiling Visual Perception in Language Models: An Attention Head Analysis Approach
  3. 2024If you can describe it, they can see it: Cross-Modal Learning of Visual Concepts from Textual Descriptions
  4. 2026WorldVQA: Measuring Atomic World Knowledge in Multimodal Large Language Models
  5. 2026Large Language Model Teaches Visual Students: Cross-Modality Transfer of Fine-Grained Conceptual Knowledge
  6. 2023Probing Conceptual Understanding of Large Visual-Language Models
  7. 2024Incorporating Visual Experts to Resolve the Information Loss in Multimodal Large Language Models
  8. 2025Too Late to Recall: Explaining the Two-Hop Problem in Multimodal Knowledge Retrieval