A Simple and Effective Method To Eliminate the Self Language Bias in Multilingual Representations
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Abstract (arXiv)
Language agnostic and semantic-language information isolation is an emerging research direction for multilingual representations models. We explore this problem from a novel angle of geometric algebra and semantic space. A simple but highly effective method "Language Information Removal (LIR)" factors out language identity information from semantic related components in multilingual representations pre-trained on multi-monolingual data. A post-training and model-agnostic method, LIR only uses simple linear operations, e.g. matrix factorization and orthogonal projection. LIR reveals that for weak-alignment multilingual systems, the principal components of semantic spaces primarily encodes language identity information. We first evaluate the LIR on a cross-lingual question answer retrieval task (LAReQA), which requires the strong alignment for the multilingual embedding space. Experiment shows that LIR is highly effectively on this task, yielding almost 100% relative improvement in MAP for weak-alignment models. We then evaluate the LIR on Amazon Reviews and XEVAL dataset, with the observation that removing language information is able to improve the cross-lingual transfer performance.
Key facts. Cited by 16 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 20 of its 35 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 10 Sep 2021.
Builds on
20 of 35 references.
References · 20
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
- 2019Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning at Scalecited by 3,907
- 2019Cross-lingual Language Model Pretrainingcited by 1,088
- 2020XTREME: A Massively Multilingual Multi-task Benchmark for Evaluating Cross-lingual Generalizationcited by 738
- 2020Language-agnostic BERT Sentence Embeddingcited by 621
- 2019On the Cross-lingual Transferability of Monolingual Representationscited by 575
- 2018Massively Multilingual Sentence Embeddings for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer and Beyondcited by 434
- 2019MLQA: Evaluating Cross-lingual Extractive Question Answeringcited by 339
- 2018SentEval: An Evaluation Toolkit for Universal Sentence Representationscited by 294
- 2017All-but-the-Top: Simple and Effective Postprocessing for Word Representationscited by 205
- 2019Multilingual Universal Sentence Encoder for Semantic Retrievalcited by 192
- 2020Rethinking embedding coupling in pre-trained language modelscited by 103
8 more
- 2019How Language-Neutral is Multilingual BERT?cited by 51
- 2020Explicit Alignment Objectives for Multilingual Bidirectional Encoderscited by 50
- 2020Inducing Language-Agnostic Multilingual Representationscited by 48
- 2018Learning Cross-Lingual Sentence Representations via a Multi-task Dual-Encoder Modelcited by 46
- 2020LAReQA: Language-agnostic answer retrieval from a multilingual poolcited by 41
- 2020Universal Sentence Representation Learning with Conditional Masked Language Modelcited by 34
- 2019ReQA: An Evaluation for End-to-End Answer Retrieval Modelscited by 16
- 2018Parameter-free Sentence Embedding via Orthogonal Basiscited by 11
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 4; 2024: 7; 2025: 2; 2026: 2.
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- 2024A Survey on Multilingual Large Language Models: Corpora, Alignment, and Biascited by 82
- 2023Sociodemographic Bias in Language Models: A Survey and Forward Pathcited by 27
- 2024Representational Analysis of Binding in Language Modelscited by 27
- 2024Discovering Low-rank Subspaces for Language-agnostic Multilingual Representationscited by 18
- 2023How do languages influence each other? Studying cross-lingual data sharing during LM fine-tuningcited by 14
- 2022Automatic Rule Induction for Interpretable Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 6
- 2024Lens: Rethinking Multilingual Enhancement for Large Language Modelscited by 5
- 2023Linear Cross-Lingual Mapping of Sentence Embeddingscited by 3
- 2023Language Agnostic Code Embeddingscited by 2
- 2024Modular Sentence Encoders: Separating Language Specialization from Cross-Lingual Alignmentcited by 2
- 2024Improving Multilingual Neural Machine Translation by Utilizing Semantic and Linguistic Featurescited by 2
- 2025Language steering in latent space to mitigate unintended code-switchingcited by 1
4 more
- 2024Cross-lingual Back-Parsing: Utterance Synthesis from Meaning Representation for Zero-Resource Semantic Parsingcited by 0
- 2025TRepLiNa: Layer-wise CKA+REPINA Alignment Improves Low-Resource Machine Translation in Aya-23 8Bcited by 0
- 2026LANGSAE EDITING: Improving Multilingual Information Retrieval via Post-hoc Language Identity Removalcited by 0
- 2026SHIFT: Semantic Harmonization via Index-side Feature Transformation for Multilingual Information Retrievalcited by 0
- 2026SHIFT: Semantic Harmonization via Index-side Feature Transformation for Multilingual Information Retrieval17 Jun 2026
- 2026LANGSAE EDITING: Improving Multilingual Information Retrieval via Post-hoc Language Identity Removal8 Jan 2026
- 2025Language steering in latent space to mitigate unintended code-switching11 Oct 2025
- 2025TRepLiNa: Layer-wise CKA+REPINA Alignment Improves Low-Resource Machine Translation in Aya-23 8B3 Oct 2025
- 2024Lens: Rethinking Multilingual Enhancement for Large Language Models6 Oct 2024
- 2024Cross-lingual Back-Parsing: Utterance Synthesis from Meaning Representation for Zero-Resource Semantic Parsing1 Oct 2024
- 2024Representational Analysis of Binding in Language Models9 Sep 2024
- 2024Improving Multilingual Neural Machine Translation by Utilizing Semantic and Linguistic Features2 Aug 2024
- 2024Modular Sentence Encoders: Separating Language Specialization from Cross-Lingual Alignment20 Jul 2024
- 2024A Survey on Multilingual Large Language Models: Corpora, Alignment, and Bias1 Apr 2024
- 2024Discovering Low-rank Subspaces for Language-agnostic Multilingual Representations11 Jan 2024
- 2023Language Agnostic Code Embeddings25 Oct 2023
4 more
- 2023Sociodemographic Bias in Language Models: A Survey and Forward Path13 Jun 2023
- 2023Linear Cross-Lingual Mapping of Sentence Embeddings23 May 2023
- 2023How do languages influence each other? Studying cross-lingual data sharing during LM fine-tuning22 May 2023
- 2022Automatic Rule Induction for Interpretable Semi-Supervised Learning18 May 2022
- 2024A Survey on Multilingual Large Language Models: Corpora, Alignment, and Biascited by 82
- 2023Sociodemographic Bias in Language Models: A Survey and Forward Pathcited by 27
- 2024Representational Analysis of Binding in Language Modelscited by 27
- 2024Discovering Low-rank Subspaces for Language-agnostic Multilingual Representationscited by 18
- 2023How do languages influence each other? Studying cross-lingual data sharing during LM fine-tuningcited by 14
- 2022Automatic Rule Induction for Interpretable Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 6
- 2023Linear Cross-Lingual Mapping of Sentence Embeddingscited by 3
- 2023Language Agnostic Code Embeddingscited by 2
- 2024Modular Sentence Encoders: Separating Language Specialization from Cross-Lingual Alignmentcited by 2
- 2024Improving Multilingual Neural Machine Translation by Utilizing Semantic and Linguistic Featurescited by 2
- 2025Language steering in latent space to mitigate unintended code-switchingcited by 1
- 2024Cross-lingual Back-Parsing: Utterance Synthesis from Meaning Representation for Zero-Resource Semantic Parsingcited by 0
12 most cited of 15 All 15 (JSON)
- 2026SHIFT: Semantic Harmonization via Index-side Feature Transformation for Multilingual Information Retrieval17 Jun 2026
- 2026LANGSAE EDITING: Improving Multilingual Information Retrieval via Post-hoc Language Identity Removal8 Jan 2026
- 2025Language steering in latent space to mitigate unintended code-switching11 Oct 2025
- 2025TRepLiNa: Layer-wise CKA+REPINA Alignment Improves Low-Resource Machine Translation in Aya-23 8B3 Oct 2025
- 2024Cross-lingual Back-Parsing: Utterance Synthesis from Meaning Representation for Zero-Resource Semantic Parsing1 Oct 2024
- 2024Representational Analysis of Binding in Language Models9 Sep 2024
- 2024Improving Multilingual Neural Machine Translation by Utilizing Semantic and Linguistic Features2 Aug 2024
- 2024Modular Sentence Encoders: Separating Language Specialization from Cross-Lingual Alignment20 Jul 2024
- 2024A Survey on Multilingual Large Language Models: Corpora, Alignment, and Bias1 Apr 2024
- 2024Discovering Low-rank Subspaces for Language-agnostic Multilingual Representations11 Jan 2024
- 2023Language Agnostic Code Embeddings25 Oct 2023
- 2023Sociodemographic Bias in Language Models: A Survey and Forward Path13 Jun 2023
12 newest of 15 All 15 (JSON)