A Survey on Machine Learning Techniques for Auto Labeling of Video, Audio, and Text Data
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Abstract (arXiv)
Machine learning has been utilized to perform tasks in many different domains such as classification, object detection, image segmentation and natural language analysis. Data labeling has always been one of the most important tasks in machine learning. However, labeling large amounts of data increases the monetary cost in machine learning. As a result, researchers started to focus on reducing data annotation and labeling costs. Transfer learning was designed and widely used as an efficient approach that can reasonably reduce the negative impact of limited data, which in turn, reduces the data preparation cost. Even transferring previous knowledge from a source domain reduces the amount of data needed in a target domain. However, large amounts of annotated data are still demanded to build robust models and improve the prediction accuracy of the model. Therefore, researchers started to pay more attention on auto annotation and labeling. In this survey paper, we provide a review of previous techniques that focuses on optimized data annotation and labeling for video, audio, and text data.
Key facts. Cited by 6 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 13 of its 95 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 Sep 2021.
Builds on
13 of 95 references.
References · 13
- 2014ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challengecited by 8,441
- 2019Parameter-Efficient Transfer Learning for NLPcited by 4,195
- 2015Delving Deep into Rectifiers: Surpassing Human-Level Performance on ImageNet Classificationcited by 3,590
- 2019Self-training with Noisy Student improves ImageNet classificationcited by 1,304
- 2016XNOR-Net: ImageNet Classification Using Binary Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 829
- 2018Rethinking ImageNet Pre-trainingcited by 376
- 2016What makes ImageNet good for transfer learning?cited by 192
- 2018Towards the first adversarially robust neural network model on MNISTcited by 104
- 2018Comparison of non-linear activation functions for deep neural networks on MNIST classification taskcited by 19
- 2020ScribbleBox: Interactive Annotation Framework for Video Object Segmentationcited by 14
- 2019Transmitter Classification With Supervised Deep Learningcited by 7
- 2020audino: A Modern Annotation Tool for Audio and Speechcited by 7
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 3; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.
6 papers.
- 2024Enhancing Vehicle Environmental Awareness via Federated Learning and Automatic Labelingcited by 1
- 2024Trimming the Risk: Towards Reliable Continuous Training for Deep Learning Inspection Systemscited by 0
- 2024K-GBS3FCM -- KNN Graph-Based Safe Semi-Supervised Fuzzy C-Meanscited by 0
- 2025BakuFlow: A Streamlining Semi-Automatic Label Generation Toolcited by 0
- 2025PuzzleClone: A DSL-Powered Framework for Synthesizing Verifiable Datacited by 0
- 2026Active Transfer Bagging: A New Approach for Accelerated Active Learning Acquisition of Data by Combined Transfer Learning and Bagging Based Modelscited by 0
- 2026Active Transfer Bagging: A New Approach for Accelerated Active Learning Acquisition of Data by Combined Transfer Learning and Bagging Based Models2 Feb 2026
- 2025PuzzleClone: A DSL-Powered Framework for Synthesizing Verifiable Data21 Aug 2025
- 2025BakuFlow: A Streamlining Semi-Automatic Label Generation Tool10 Jun 2025
- 2024K-GBS3FCM -- KNN Graph-Based Safe Semi-Supervised Fuzzy C-Means22 Nov 2024
- 2024Trimming the Risk: Towards Reliable Continuous Training for Deep Learning Inspection Systems13 Sep 2024
- 2024Enhancing Vehicle Environmental Awareness via Federated Learning and Automatic Labeling23 Aug 2024