FHAC at GermEval 2021: Identifying German toxic, engaging, and fact-claiming comments with ensemble learning
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Abstract (arXiv)
The availability of language representations learned by large pretrained neural network models (such as BERT and ELECTRA) has led to improvements in many downstream Natural Language Processing tasks in recent years. Pretrained models usually differ in pretraining objectives, architectures, and datasets they are trained on which can affect downstream performance. In this contribution, we fine-tuned German BERT and German ELECTRA models to identify toxic (subtask 1), engaging (subtask 2), and fact-claiming comments (subtask 3) in Facebook data provided by the GermEval 2021 competition. We created ensembles of these models and investigated whether and how classification performance depends on the number of ensemble members and their composition. On out-of-sample data, our best ensemble achieved a macro-F1 score of 0.73 (for all subtasks), and F1 scores of 0.72, 0.70, and 0.76 for subtasks 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
Key facts. Cited by 7 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 20 of its 64 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Sep 2021.
Builds on
20 of 64 references.
References · 20
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8 more
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Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 1; 2024: 3; 2025: 2.
7 papers.
- 2022Automatic Readability Assessment of German Sentences with Transformer Ensemblescited by 7
- 2025Distilling Knowledge from Large Language Models: A Concept Bottleneck Model for Hate and Counter Speech Recognitioncited by 4
- 2024POLygraph: Polish Fake News Datasetcited by 1
- 2024Assessing In-context Learning and Fine-tuning for Topic Classification of German Web Datacited by 1
- 2023LCT-1 at SemEval-2023 Task 10: Pre-training and Multi-task Learning for Sexism Detection and Classificationcited by 0
- 2024Detecting Sexism in German Online Newspaper Comments with Open-Source Text Embeddings (Team GDA, GermEval2024 Shared Task 1: GerMS-Detect, Subtasks 1 and 2, Closed Track)cited by 0
- 2025AIxcellent Vibes at GermEval 2025 Shared Task on Candy Speech Detection: Improving Model Performance by Span-Level Trainingcited by 0
- 2025AIxcellent Vibes at GermEval 2025 Shared Task on Candy Speech Detection: Improving Model Performance by Span-Level Training9 Sep 2025
- 2025Distilling Knowledge from Large Language Models: A Concept Bottleneck Model for Hate and Counter Speech Recognition30 Jul 2025
- 2024Detecting Sexism in German Online Newspaper Comments with Open-Source Text Embeddings (Team GDA, GermEval2024 Shared Task 1: GerMS-Detect, Subtasks 1 and 2, Closed Track)16 Sep 2024
- 2024Assessing In-context Learning and Fine-tuning for Topic Classification of German Web Data23 Jul 2024
- 2024POLygraph: Polish Fake News Dataset1 Jul 2024
- 2023LCT-1 at SemEval-2023 Task 10: Pre-training and Multi-task Learning for Sexism Detection and Classification8 Jun 2023
- 2022Automatic Readability Assessment of German Sentences with Transformer Ensembles9 Sep 2022