mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Naturalness Evaluation of Natural Language Generation in Task-oriented Dialogues using BERT

arXiv 2109.02938 ↗First posted 7 Sep 2021cs.CL cs.AIcited by 5

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

This paper presents an automatic method to evaluate the naturalness of natural language generation in dialogue systems. While this task was previously rendered through expensive and time-consuming human labor, we present this novel task of automatic naturalness evaluation of generated language. By fine-tuning the BERT model, our proposed naturalness evaluation method shows robust results and outperforms the baselines: support vector machines, bi-directional LSTMs, and BLEURT. In addition, the training speed and evaluation performance of naturalness model are improved by transfer learning from quality and informativeness linguistic knowledge.

Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 15 of its 28 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Sep 2021.

Builds on

15 of 28 references.

References · 15

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
  2. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
  3. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 37,240
  4. 2019BERTScore: Evaluating Text Generation with BERTcited by 5,512
  5. 2020BLEURT: Learning Robust Metrics for Text Generationcited by 1,203
  6. 2020Evaluation of Text Generation: A Surveycited by 277
  7. 2017Why We Need New Evaluation Metrics for NLGcited by 233
  8. 2017Survey of the State of the Art in Natural Language Generation: Core tasks, applications and evaluationcited by 206
  9. 2015Semantically Conditioned LSTM-based Natural Language Generation for Spoken Dialogue Systemscited by 134
  10. 2019Unifying Human and Statistical Evaluation for Natural Language Generationcited by 127
  11. 2018The price of debiasing automatic metrics in natural language evaluationcited by 60
  12. 2020Cost-Sensitive BERT for Generalisable Sentence Classification with Imbalanced Datacited by 14
3 more
  1. 2016Crowd-sourcing NLG Data: Pictures Elicit Better Datacited by 11
  2. 2019Machine Translation Evaluation with BERT Regressorcited by 6
  3. 2017Referenceless Quality Estimation for Natural Language Generationcited by 4

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 0; 2024: 1; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.

5 papers.