Naturalness Evaluation of Natural Language Generation in Task-oriented Dialogues using BERT
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Abstract (arXiv)
This paper presents an automatic method to evaluate the naturalness of natural language generation in dialogue systems. While this task was previously rendered through expensive and time-consuming human labor, we present this novel task of automatic naturalness evaluation of generated language. By fine-tuning the BERT model, our proposed naturalness evaluation method shows robust results and outperforms the baselines: support vector machines, bi-directional LSTMs, and BLEURT. In addition, the training speed and evaluation performance of naturalness model are improved by transfer learning from quality and informativeness linguistic knowledge.
Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 15 of its 28 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Sep 2021.
Builds on
15 of 28 references.
References · 15
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3 more
- 2016Crowd-sourcing NLG Data: Pictures Elicit Better Datacited by 11
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- 2017Referenceless Quality Estimation for Natural Language Generationcited by 4
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 0; 2024: 1; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.
5 papers.
- 2022A Survey of Controllable Text Generation using Transformer-based Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 129
- 2024Do Large Language Models Have an English Accent? Evaluating and Improving the Naturalness of Multilingual LLMscited by 19
- 2025Beyond Monolingual Assumptions: A Survey of Code-Switched NLP in the Era of Large Language Models across Modalitiescited by 5
- 2025MENLO: From Preferences to Proficiency -- Evaluating and Modeling Native-like Quality Across 47 Languagescited by 3
- 2026One Model, Multiple Goals: Adaptive Multi-Objective Learning for E-commerce Dialogue Systemscited by 1
- 2026One Model, Multiple Goals: Adaptive Multi-Objective Learning for E-commerce Dialogue Systems8 Jun 2026
- 2025Beyond Monolingual Assumptions: A Survey of Code-Switched NLP in the Era of Large Language Models across Modalities8 Oct 2025
- 2025MENLO: From Preferences to Proficiency -- Evaluating and Modeling Native-like Quality Across 47 Languages30 Sep 2025
- 2024Do Large Language Models Have an English Accent? Evaluating and Improving the Naturalness of Multilingual LLMs21 Oct 2024
- 2022A Survey of Controllable Text Generation using Transformer-based Pre-trained Language Models14 Jan 2022