Learning Effective and Efficient Embedding via an Adaptively-Masked Twins-based Layer
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Abstract (arXiv)
Embedding learning for categorical features is crucial for the deep learning-based recommendation models (DLRMs). Each feature value is mapped to an embedding vector via an embedding learning process. Conventional methods configure a fixed and uniform embedding size to all feature values from the same feature field. However, such a configuration is not only sub-optimal for embedding learning but also memory costly. Existing methods that attempt to resolve these problems, either rule-based or neural architecture search (NAS)-based, need extensive efforts on the human design or network training. They are also not flexible in embedding size selection or in warm-start-based applications. In this paper, we propose a novel and effective embedding size selection scheme. Specifically, we design an Adaptively-Masked Twins-based Layer (AMTL) behind the standard embedding layer. AMTL generates a mask vector to mask the undesired dimensions for each embedding vector. The mask vector brings flexibility in selecting the dimensions and the proposed layer can be easily added to either untrained or trained DLRMs. Extensive experimental evaluations show that the proposed scheme outperforms competitive baselines on all the benchmark tasks, and is also memory-efficient, saving 60% memory usage without compromising any performance metrics.
Key facts. Cited by 12 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 17 of its 20 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Aug 2021.
Builds on
17 of 20 references.
References · 17
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5 more
- 2019Mixed Dimension Embeddings with Application to Memory-Efficient Recommendation Systemscited by 41
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Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2022: 2; 2023: 4; 2024: 3; 2025: 3.
12 papers.
- 2022A Comprehensive Survey on Trustworthy Recommender Systemscited by 32
- 2023Embedding in Recommender Systems: A Surveycited by 19
- 2023Experimental Analysis of Large-scale Learnable Vector Storage Compressioncited by 12
- 2023Clustered Embedding Learning for Recommender Systemscited by 8
- 2024Dynamic Sparse Learning: A Novel Paradigm for Efficient Recommendationcited by 7
- 2022A Comprehensive Survey on Automated Machine Learning for Recommendationscited by 4
- 2025CoVE: Compressed Vocabulary Expansion Makes Better LLM-based Recommender Systemscited by 3
- 2023Proxy-based Item Representation for Attribute and Context-aware Recommendationcited by 2
- 2024On-device Content-based Recommendation with Single-shot Embedding Pruning: A Cooperative Game Perspectivecited by 2
- 2025Efficient Multi-Task Learning via Generalist Recommendercited by 2
- 2024Fine-Grained Embedding Dimension Optimization During Training for Recommender Systemscited by 1
- 2025DimGrow: Memory-Efficient Field-level Embedding Dimension Searchcited by 0
- 2025CoVE: Compressed Vocabulary Expansion Makes Better LLM-based Recommender Systems24 Jun 2025
- 2025DimGrow: Memory-Efficient Field-level Embedding Dimension Search19 May 2025
- 2025Efficient Multi-Task Learning via Generalist Recommender23 Feb 2025
- 2024On-device Content-based Recommendation with Single-shot Embedding Pruning: A Cooperative Game Perspective20 Nov 2024
- 2024Dynamic Sparse Learning: A Novel Paradigm for Efficient Recommendation5 Feb 2024
- 2024Fine-Grained Embedding Dimension Optimization During Training for Recommender Systems9 Jan 2024
- 2023Proxy-based Item Representation for Attribute and Context-aware Recommendation11 Dec 2023
- 2023Experimental Analysis of Large-scale Learnable Vector Storage Compression27 Nov 2023
- 2023Embedding in Recommender Systems: A Survey28 Oct 2023
- 2023Clustered Embedding Learning for Recommender Systems3 Feb 2023
- 2022A Comprehensive Survey on Trustworthy Recommender Systems21 Sep 2022
- 2022A Comprehensive Survey on Automated Machine Learning for Recommendations4 Apr 2022