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Quantum Neural Networks: Concepts, Applications, and Challenges

arXiv 2108.01468 ↗First posted 2 Aug 2021quant-ph cs.LGcited by 21

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Abstract (arXiv)

Quantum deep learning is a research field for the use of quantum computing techniques for training deep neural networks. The research topics and directions of deep learning and quantum computing have been separated for long time, however by discovering that quantum circuits can act like artificial neural networks, quantum deep learning research is widely adopted. This paper explains the backgrounds and basic principles of quantum deep learning and also introduces major achievements. After that, this paper discusses the challenges of quantum deep learning research in multiple perspectives. Lastly, this paper presents various future research directions and application fields of quantum deep learning.

Key facts. Cited by 21 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 14 of its 41 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 2 Aug 2021.

Builds on

14 of 41 references.

References · 14

  1. 2013Playing Atari with Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 3,211
  2. 2020Variational Quantum Algorithmscited by 687
  3. 2018Barren plateaus in quantum neural network training landscapescited by 624
  4. 2019Variational Quantum Circuits for Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 165
  5. 2020Recurrent Quantum Neural Networkscited by 79
  6. 2020Communication-Efficient and Distributed Learning Over Wireless Networks: Principles and Applicationscited by 62
  7. 2020Advances in Quantum Deep Learning: An Overviewcited by 21
  8. 2020Auction-based Charging Scheduling with Deep Learning Framework for Multi-Drone Networkscited by 12
  9. 2019Markov Decision Policies for Dynamic Video Delivery in Wireless Caching Networkscited by 8
  10. 2018Wireless Video Caching and Dynamic Streaming under Differentiated Quality Requirementscited by 7
  11. 2018Dynamic Power Allocation and User Scheduling for Power-Efficient and Low-Latency Communicationscited by 3
  12. 2019A Personalized Preference Learning Framework for Caching in Mobile Networkscited by 3
2 more
  1. 2019Joint Distributed Link Scheduling and Power Allocation for Content Delivery in Wireless Caching Networkscited by 3
  2. 2017Securing Heterogeneous IoT with Intelligent DDoS Attack Behavior Learningcited by 2

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 3; 2023: 8; 2024: 2; 2025: 3; 2026: 4.

21 papers.

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  1. 2023A Survey on Quantum Machine Learning: Current Trends, Challenges, Opportunities, and the Road Aheadcited by 29
  2. 2022Quantum Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning via Variational Quantum Circuit Designcited by 25
  3. 2021Introduction to Quantum Reinforcement Learning: Theory and PennyLane-based Implementationcited by 23
  4. 2023Quantum Machine Learning on Near-Term Quantum Devices: Current State of Supervised and Unsupervised Techniques for Real-World Applicationscited by 14
  5. 20233D-QAE: Fully Quantum Auto-Encoding of 3D Point Cloudscited by 5
  6. 2022Projection Valued Measure-based Quantum Machine Learning for Multi-Class Classificationcited by 4
  7. 2023Software Supply Chain Vulnerabilities Detection in Source Code: Performance Comparison between Traditional and Quantum Machine Learning Algorithmscited by 4
  8. 2022Quantum Deep Dreaming: A Novel Approach for Quantum Circuit Designcited by 3
  9. 2023Bridging Classical and Quantum Machine Learning: Knowledge Transfer From Classical to Quantum Neural Networks Using Knowledge Distillationcited by 3
  10. 2026QNAS: A Neural Architecture Search Framework for Accurate and Efficient Quantum Neural Networkscited by 3
  11. 2023Hybrid quantum-classical convolutional neural network for phytoplankton classificationcited by 1
  12. 2024Image Denoising with Machine Learning: A Novel Approach to Improve Quantum Image Processing Quality and Reliabilitycited by 1
9 more
  1. 2025Quantum Powered Credit Risk Assessment: A Novel Approach using hybrid Quantum-Classical Deep Neural Network for Row-Type Dependent Predictive Analysiscited by 1
  2. 2023On the explainability of quantum neural networks based on variational quantum circuitscited by 0
  3. 2023WavPool: A New Block for Deep Neural Networkscited by 0
  4. 2024Multi-Scale Feature Fusion Quantum Depthwise Convolutional Neural Networks for Text Classificationcited by 0
  5. 2025A Quantum Neural Network Transfer-Learning Model for Forecasting Problems with Continuous and Discrete Variablescited by 0
  6. 2025Trainable Quantum Neural Network for Multiclass Image Classification with the Power of Pre-trained Tree Tensor Networkscited by 0
  7. 2026Quantum-enhanced long short-term memory with attention for spatial permeability prediction in oilfield reservoirscited by 0
  8. 2026Noise Models Impacts and Mitigation Strategies in Photonic Quantum Machine Learningcited by 0
  9. 2026QiT: Quantum-Inspired Transformer for Visual Recognition Taskcited by 0