Neural Circuit Synthesis from Specification Patterns
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
We train hierarchical Transformers on the task of synthesizing hardware circuits directly out of high-level logical specifications in linear-time temporal logic (LTL). The LTL synthesis problem is a well-known algorithmic challenge with a long history and an annual competition is organized to track the improvement of algorithms and tooling over time. New approaches using machine learning might open a lot of possibilities in this area, but suffer from the lack of sufficient amounts of training data. In this paper, we consider a method to generate large amounts of additional training data, i.e., pairs of specifications and circuits implementing them. We ensure that this synthetic data is sufficiently close to human-written specifications by mining common patterns from the specifications used in the synthesis competitions. We show that hierarchical Transformers trained on this synthetic data solve a significant portion of problems from the synthesis competitions, and even out-of-distribution examples from a recent case study.
Key facts. Cited by 17 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 13 of its 53 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 25 Jul 2021.
Builds on
13 of 53 references.
References · 13
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
- 2017Neural Message Passing for Quantum Chemistrycited by 3,460
- 2019Deep Learning for Symbolic Mathematicscited by 266
- 2020Unsupervised Translation of Programming Languagescited by 262
- 2018Learning a SAT Solver from Single-Bit Supervisioncited by 198
- 2016Neuro-Symbolic Program Synthesiscited by 84
- 2019Guiding High-Performance SAT Solvers with Unsat-Core Predictionscited by 61
- 2019Graph Representations for Higher-Order Logic and Theorem Provingcited by 55
- 2020Teaching Temporal Logics to Neural Networkscited by 51
- 2018Learning Heuristics for Quantified Boolean Formulas through Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 15
- 2018BoSy: An Experimentation Framework for Bounded Synthesiscited by 8
1 more
- 2016A High-Level LTL Synthesis Format: TLSF v1.1cited by 4
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 4; 2023: 4; 2024: 4; 2025: 3; 2026: 1.
17 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2022Autoformalization with Large Language Modelscited by 252
- 2023nl2spec: Interactively Translating Unstructured Natural Language to Temporal Logics with Large Language Modelscited by 57
- 2022Formal Specifications from Natural Languagecited by 33
- 2024Retrieval-Guided Reinforcement Learning for Boolean Circuit Minimizationcited by 10
- 2023Iterative Circuit Repair Against Formal Specificationscited by 9
- 2025SemML: Enhancing Automata-Theoretic LTL Synthesis with Machine Learningcited by 6
- 2021Generating Symbolic Reasoning Problems with Transformer GANscited by 5
- 2024Circuit Transformer: A Transformer That Preserves Logical Equivalencecited by 5
- 2023Guessing Winning Policies in LTL Synthesis by Semantic Learningcited by 4
- 2023INVICTUS: Optimizing Boolean Logic Circuit Synthesis via Synergistic Learning and Searchcited by 3
- 2024NeuroSynt: A Neuro-symbolic Portfolio Solver for Reactive Synthesiscited by 3
- 2022Neural Combinatorial Logic Circuit Synthesis from Input-Output Examplescited by 1
5 more
- 2024Learning Better Representations From Less Data For Propositional Satisfiabilitycited by 1
- 2025RNN Generalization to Omega-Regular Languagescited by 1
- 2022Attention Flows for General Transformerscited by 0
- 2025Learning Representations Through Contrastive Neural Model Checkingcited by 0
- 2026Natural Synthesis: Outperforming Reactive Synthesis Tools with Large Reasoning Modelscited by 0
- 2026Natural Synthesis: Outperforming Reactive Synthesis Tools with Large Reasoning Models14 May 2026
- 2025Learning Representations Through Contrastive Neural Model Checking2 Oct 2025
- 2025RNN Generalization to Omega-Regular Languages2 Sep 2025
- 2025SemML: Enhancing Automata-Theoretic LTL Synthesis with Machine Learning29 Jan 2025
- 2024Circuit Transformer: A Transformer That Preserves Logical Equivalence14 Mar 2024
- 2024Learning Better Representations From Less Data For Propositional Satisfiability13 Feb 2024
- 2024Retrieval-Guided Reinforcement Learning for Boolean Circuit Minimization22 Jan 2024
- 2024NeuroSynt: A Neuro-symbolic Portfolio Solver for Reactive Synthesis22 Jan 2024
- 2023Guessing Winning Policies in LTL Synthesis by Semantic Learning24 May 2023
- 2023INVICTUS: Optimizing Boolean Logic Circuit Synthesis via Synergistic Learning and Search22 May 2023
- 2023nl2spec: Interactively Translating Unstructured Natural Language to Temporal Logics with Large Language Models8 Mar 2023
- 2023Iterative Circuit Repair Against Formal Specifications2 Mar 2023
5 more
- 2022Neural Combinatorial Logic Circuit Synthesis from Input-Output Examples29 Oct 2022
- 2022Formal Specifications from Natural Language4 Jun 2022
- 2022Attention Flows for General Transformers30 May 2022
- 2022Autoformalization with Large Language Models25 May 2022
- 2021Generating Symbolic Reasoning Problems with Transformer GANs19 Oct 2021
- 2022Autoformalization with Large Language Modelscited by 252
- 2023nl2spec: Interactively Translating Unstructured Natural Language to Temporal Logics with Large Language Modelscited by 57
- 2022Formal Specifications from Natural Languagecited by 33
- 2024Retrieval-Guided Reinforcement Learning for Boolean Circuit Minimizationcited by 10
- 2023Iterative Circuit Repair Against Formal Specificationscited by 9
- 2025SemML: Enhancing Automata-Theoretic LTL Synthesis with Machine Learningcited by 6
- 2021Generating Symbolic Reasoning Problems with Transformer GANscited by 5
- 2024Circuit Transformer: A Transformer That Preserves Logical Equivalencecited by 5
- 2023Guessing Winning Policies in LTL Synthesis by Semantic Learningcited by 4
- 2023INVICTUS: Optimizing Boolean Logic Circuit Synthesis via Synergistic Learning and Searchcited by 3
- 2024NeuroSynt: A Neuro-symbolic Portfolio Solver for Reactive Synthesiscited by 3
- 2022Neural Combinatorial Logic Circuit Synthesis from Input-Output Examplescited by 1
12 most cited of 16 All 16 (JSON)
- 2025Learning Representations Through Contrastive Neural Model Checking2 Oct 2025
- 2025RNN Generalization to Omega-Regular Languages2 Sep 2025
- 2025SemML: Enhancing Automata-Theoretic LTL Synthesis with Machine Learning29 Jan 2025
- 2024Circuit Transformer: A Transformer That Preserves Logical Equivalence14 Mar 2024
- 2024Learning Better Representations From Less Data For Propositional Satisfiability13 Feb 2024
- 2024Retrieval-Guided Reinforcement Learning for Boolean Circuit Minimization22 Jan 2024
- 2024NeuroSynt: A Neuro-symbolic Portfolio Solver for Reactive Synthesis22 Jan 2024
- 2023Guessing Winning Policies in LTL Synthesis by Semantic Learning24 May 2023
- 2023INVICTUS: Optimizing Boolean Logic Circuit Synthesis via Synergistic Learning and Search22 May 2023
- 2023nl2spec: Interactively Translating Unstructured Natural Language to Temporal Logics with Large Language Models8 Mar 2023
- 2023Iterative Circuit Repair Against Formal Specifications2 Mar 2023
- 2022Neural Combinatorial Logic Circuit Synthesis from Input-Output Examples29 Oct 2022
12 newest of 16 All 16 (JSON)