mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Energy Consumption of Deep Generative Audio Models

arXiv 2107.02621 ↗First posted 6 Jul 2021cs.LG cs.SD eess.AScited by 12

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Abstract (arXiv)

In most scientific domains, the deep learning community has largely focused on the quality of deep generative models, resulting in highly accurate and successful solutions. However, this race for quality comes at a tremendous computational cost, which incurs vast energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. At the heart of this problem are the measures that we use as a scientific community to evaluate our work. In this paper, we suggest relying on a multi-objective measure based on Pareto optimality, which takes into account both the quality of the model and its energy consumption. By applying our measure on the current state-of-the-art in generative audio models, we show that it can drastically change the significance of the results. We believe that this type of metric can be widely used by the community to evaluate their work, while putting computational cost -- and in fine energy consumption -- in the spotlight of deep learning research.

Key facts. Cited by 12 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 19 of its 22 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 Jul 2021.

Builds on

19 of 22 references.

References · 19

  1. 2013Auto-Encoding Variational Bayescited by 4,053
  2. 2015Variational Inference with Normalizing Flowscited by 2,170
  3. 2016WaveNet: A Generative Model for Raw Audiocited by 1,722
  4. 2019Energy and Policy Considerations for Deep Learning in NLPcited by 1,254
  5. 2019Green AIcited by 627
  6. 2019Quantifying the Carbon Emissions of Machine Learningcited by 521
  7. 2015A note on the evaluation of generative modelscited by 292
  8. 2017Neural Audio Synthesis of Musical Notes with WaveNet Autoencoderscited by 225
  9. 2018Adversarial Audio Synthesiscited by 225
  10. 2020The Computational Limits of Deep Learningcited by 193
  11. 2021A Survey on Neural Speech Synthesiscited by 184
  12. 2020Carbontracker: Tracking and Predicting the Carbon Footprint of Training Deep Learning Modelscited by 169
7 more
  1. 2019GANSynth: Adversarial Neural Audio Synthesiscited by 116
  2. 2016SampleRNN: An Unconditional End-to-End Neural Audio Generation Modelcited by 110
  3. 2018FloWaveNet : A Generative Flow for Raw Audiocited by 54
  4. 2020Measuring the Algorithmic Efficiency of Neural Networkscited by 52
  5. 2019WaveFlow: A Compact Flow-based Model for Raw Audiocited by 51
  6. 2018SING: Symbol-to-Instrument Neural Generatorcited by 23
  7. 2020Deep generative models for musical audio synthesiscited by 6

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 2; 2024: 4; 2025: 4; 2026: 1.

12 papers.