DeepRapper: Neural Rap Generation with Rhyme and Rhythm Modeling
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Abstract (arXiv)
Rap generation, which aims to produce lyrics and corresponding singing beats, needs to model both rhymes and rhythms. Previous works for rap generation focused on rhyming lyrics but ignored rhythmic beats, which are important for rap performance. In this paper, we develop DeepRapper, a Transformer-based rap generation system that can model both rhymes and rhythms. Since there is no available rap dataset with rhythmic beats, we develop a data mining pipeline to collect a large-scale rap dataset, which includes a large number of rap songs with aligned lyrics and rhythmic beats. Second, we design a Transformer-based autoregressive language model which carefully models rhymes and rhythms. Specifically, we generate lyrics in the reverse order with rhyme representation and constraint for rhyme enhancement and insert a beat symbol into lyrics for rhythm/beat modeling. To our knowledge, DeepRapper is the first system to generate rap with both rhymes and rhythms. Both objective and subjective evaluations demonstrate that DeepRapper generates creative and high-quality raps with rhymes and rhythms. Code will be released on GitHub.
Key facts. Cited by 24 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 15 of its 31 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 5 Jul 2021.
Builds on
15 of 31 references.
References · 15
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
- 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,266
- 2019XLNet: Generalized Autoregressive Pretraining for Language Understandingcited by 2,801
- 2019MASS: Masked Sequence to Sequence Pre-training for Language Generationcited by 345
- 2020PopMAG: Pop Music Accompaniment Generationcited by 68
- 2020SongMASS: Automatic Song Writing with Pre-training and Alignment Constraintcited by 41
- 2018Deep-speare: A Joint Neural Model of Poetic Language, Meter and Rhymecited by 35
- 2020SongNet: Rigid Formats Controlled Text Generationcited by 25
- 2018Beyond Error Propagation in Neural Machine Translation: Characteristics of Language Also Mattercited by 18
- 2015DopeLearning: A Computational Approach to Rap Lyrics Generationcited by 17
- 2020Melody-Conditioned Lyrics Generation with SeqGANscited by 14
3 more
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 8; 2023: 6; 2024: 6; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.
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- 2022Pretrained Language Models for Text Generation: A Surveycited by 121
- 2025DiffRhythm: Blazingly Fast and Embarrassingly Simple End-to-End Full-Length Song Generation with Latent Diffusioncited by 46
- 2022ByGPT5: End-to-End Style-conditioned Poetry Generation with Token-free Language Modelscited by 25
- 2022PoeLM: A Meter- and Rhyme-Controllable Language Model for Unsupervised Poetry Generationcited by 22
- 2021TeleMelody: Lyric-to-Melody Generation with a Template-Based Two-Stage Methodcited by 20
- 2023TwistList: Resources and Baselines for Tongue Twister Generationcited by 16
- 2022Automatic Song Translation for Tonal Languagescited by 12
- 2023Songs Across Borders: Singable and Controllable Neural Lyric Translationcited by 11
- 2024SongComposer: A Large Language Model for Lyric and Melody Generation in Song Compositioncited by 9
- 2023Unsupervised Melody-to-Lyric Generationcited by 7
- 2022Re-creation of Creations: A New Paradigm for Lyric-to-Melody Generationcited by 6
- 2022PANCETTA: Phoneme Aware Neural Completion to Elicit Tongue Twisters Automaticallycited by 6
12 more
- 2023Translate the Beauty in Songs: Jointly Learning to Align Melody and Translate Lyricscited by 6
- 2022Multi-Modal Experience Inspired AI Creationcited by 3
- 2022SongRewriter: A Chinese Song Rewriting System with Controllable Content and Rhyme Schemecited by 3
- 2024Train & Constrain: Phonologically Informed Tongue-Twister Generation from Topics and Paraphrasescited by 3
- 2023Joint Learning of Wording and Formatting for Singable Melody-to-Lyric Generationcited by 1
- 2024Let the Poem Hit the Rhythm: Using a Byte-Based Transformer for Beat-Aligned Poetry Generationcited by 1
- 2026YOMI-Bench: A Benchmark for Evaluating Kanji Reading and Phonological Understanding of LLMs for Japanesecited by 1
- 2023Unsupervised Melody-Guided Lyrics Generationcited by 0
- 2024MCMChaos: Improvising Rap Music with MCMC Methods and Chaos Theorycited by 0
- 2024Encoder-Decoder Framework for Interactive Free Verses with Generation with Controllable High-Quality Rhymingcited by 0
- 2024Raply: A profanity-mitigated rap generatorcited by 0
- 2025P-CoT: A Pedagogically-motivated Participatory Chain-of-Thought Prompting for Phonological Reasoning in LLMscited by 0
- 2026YOMI-Bench: A Benchmark for Evaluating Kanji Reading and Phonological Understanding of LLMs for Japanese1 Jul 2026
- 2025P-CoT: A Pedagogically-motivated Participatory Chain-of-Thought Prompting for Phonological Reasoning in LLMs22 Jul 2025
- 2025DiffRhythm: Blazingly Fast and Embarrassingly Simple End-to-End Full-Length Song Generation with Latent Diffusion3 Mar 2025
- 2024Raply: A profanity-mitigated rap generator9 Jul 2024
- 2024Let the Poem Hit the Rhythm: Using a Byte-Based Transformer for Beat-Aligned Poetry Generation14 Jun 2024
- 2024Encoder-Decoder Framework for Interactive Free Verses with Generation with Controllable High-Quality Rhyming8 May 2024
- 2024Train & Constrain: Phonologically Informed Tongue-Twister Generation from Topics and Paraphrases20 Mar 2024
- 2024SongComposer: A Large Language Model for Lyric and Melody Generation in Song Composition27 Feb 2024
- 2024MCMChaos: Improvising Rap Music with MCMC Methods and Chaos Theory15 Jan 2024
- 2023Joint Learning of Wording and Formatting for Singable Melody-to-Lyric Generation5 Jul 2023
- 2023TwistList: Resources and Baselines for Tongue Twister Generation6 Jun 2023
- 2023Unsupervised Melody-to-Lyric Generation30 May 2023
12 more
- 2023Songs Across Borders: Singable and Controllable Neural Lyric Translation26 May 2023
- 2023Unsupervised Melody-Guided Lyrics Generation12 May 2023
- 2023Translate the Beauty in Songs: Jointly Learning to Align Melody and Translate Lyrics28 Mar 2023
- 2022ByGPT5: End-to-End Style-conditioned Poetry Generation with Token-free Language Models20 Dec 2022
- 2022SongRewriter: A Chinese Song Rewriting System with Controllable Content and Rhyme Scheme28 Nov 2022
- 2022PANCETTA: Phoneme Aware Neural Completion to Elicit Tongue Twisters Automatically13 Sep 2022
- 2022Multi-Modal Experience Inspired AI Creation2 Sep 2022
- 2022Re-creation of Creations: A New Paradigm for Lyric-to-Melody Generation11 Aug 2022
- 2022PoeLM: A Meter- and Rhyme-Controllable Language Model for Unsupervised Poetry Generation24 May 2022
- 2022Automatic Song Translation for Tonal Languages25 Mar 2022
- 2022Pretrained Language Models for Text Generation: A Survey14 Jan 2022
- 2021TeleMelody: Lyric-to-Melody Generation with a Template-Based Two-Stage Method20 Sep 2021
- 2022Pretrained Language Models for Text Generation: A Surveycited by 121
- 2022ByGPT5: End-to-End Style-conditioned Poetry Generation with Token-free Language Modelscited by 25
- 2022PoeLM: A Meter- and Rhyme-Controllable Language Model for Unsupervised Poetry Generationcited by 22
- 2021TeleMelody: Lyric-to-Melody Generation with a Template-Based Two-Stage Methodcited by 20
- 2023TwistList: Resources and Baselines for Tongue Twister Generationcited by 16
- 2022Automatic Song Translation for Tonal Languagescited by 12
- 2023Songs Across Borders: Singable and Controllable Neural Lyric Translationcited by 11
- 2024SongComposer: A Large Language Model for Lyric and Melody Generation in Song Compositioncited by 9
- 2023Unsupervised Melody-to-Lyric Generationcited by 7
- 2022Re-creation of Creations: A New Paradigm for Lyric-to-Melody Generationcited by 6
- 2022PANCETTA: Phoneme Aware Neural Completion to Elicit Tongue Twisters Automaticallycited by 6
- 2023Translate the Beauty in Songs: Jointly Learning to Align Melody and Translate Lyricscited by 6
12 most cited of 22 All 22 (JSON)
- 2026YOMI-Bench: A Benchmark for Evaluating Kanji Reading and Phonological Understanding of LLMs for Japanese1 Jul 2026
- 2024Raply: A profanity-mitigated rap generator9 Jul 2024
- 2024Let the Poem Hit the Rhythm: Using a Byte-Based Transformer for Beat-Aligned Poetry Generation14 Jun 2024
- 2024Encoder-Decoder Framework for Interactive Free Verses with Generation with Controllable High-Quality Rhyming8 May 2024
- 2024Train & Constrain: Phonologically Informed Tongue-Twister Generation from Topics and Paraphrases20 Mar 2024
- 2024SongComposer: A Large Language Model for Lyric and Melody Generation in Song Composition27 Feb 2024
- 2024MCMChaos: Improvising Rap Music with MCMC Methods and Chaos Theory15 Jan 2024
- 2023Joint Learning of Wording and Formatting for Singable Melody-to-Lyric Generation5 Jul 2023
- 2023TwistList: Resources and Baselines for Tongue Twister Generation6 Jun 2023
- 2023Unsupervised Melody-to-Lyric Generation30 May 2023
- 2023Songs Across Borders: Singable and Controllable Neural Lyric Translation26 May 2023
- 2023Unsupervised Melody-Guided Lyrics Generation12 May 2023
12 newest of 22 All 22 (JSON)