To Beam Or Not To Beam: That is a Question of Cooperation for Language GANs
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Abstract (arXiv)
Due to the discrete nature of words, language GANs require to be optimized from rewards provided by discriminator networks, via reinforcement learning methods. This is a much harder setting than for continuous tasks, which enjoy gradient flows from discriminators to generators, usually leading to dramatic learning instabilities. However, we claim that this can be solved by making discriminator and generator networks cooperate to produce output sequences during training. These cooperative outputs, inherently built to obtain higher discrimination scores, not only provide denser rewards for training, but also form a more compact artificial set for discriminator training, hence improving its accuracy and stability. In this paper, we show that our SelfGAN framework, built on this cooperative principle, outperforms Teacher Forcing and obtains state-of-the-art results on two challenging tasks, Summarization and Question Generation.
Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 34 of its 48 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Jun 2021.
Builds on
34 of 48 references.
References · 34
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- 2015Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Networkcited by 10,324
- 2016SQuAD: 100,000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Textcited by 4,148
- 2019The Curious Case of Neural Text Degenerationcited by 2,916
- 2019HuggingFace's Transformers: State-of-the-art Natural Language Processingcited by 2,218
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- 2015Scheduled Sampling for Sequence Prediction with Recurrent Neural Networkscited by 803
22 more
- 2020SummEval: Re-evaluating Summarization Evaluationcited by 674
- 2019Unified Language Model Pre-training for Natural Language Understanding and Generationcited by 670
- 2015Sequence Level Training with Recurrent Neural Networkscited by 576
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- 2017Towards Principled Methods for Training Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 464
- 2016SeqGAN: Sequence Generative Adversarial Nets with Policy Gradientcited by 376
- 2017A Deep Reinforced Model for Abstractive Summarizationcited by 365
- 2021QuestEval: Summarization Asks for Fact-based Evaluationcited by 244
- 2017Why We Need New Evaluation Metrics for NLGcited by 233
- 2016Professor Forcing: A New Algorithm for Training Recurrent Networkscited by 216
- 2017Adversarial Learning for Neural Dialogue Generationcited by 103
- 2018Language GANs Falling Shortcited by 97
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- 2018On Accurate Evaluation of GANs for Language Generationcited by 20
- 2020Discriminative Adversarial Search for Abstractive Summarizationcited by 14
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- 2020Self-Adversarial Learning with Comparative Discrimination for Text Generationcited by 11
- 2019Discourse Understanding and Factual Consistency in Abstractive Summarizationcited by 2
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 4; 2023: 6; 2024: 2; 2025: 1.
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- 2023Planning with Large Language Models for Code Generationcited by 182
- 2023Controlled Decoding from Language Modelscited by 135
- 2023Transformer-based Planning for Symbolic Regressioncited by 79
- 2022Solving Math Word Problems via Cooperative Reasoning induced Language Modelscited by 77
- 2023KCTS: Knowledge-Constrained Tree Search Decoding with Token-Level Hallucination Detectioncited by 45
- 2024InfAlign: Inference-aware language model alignmentcited by 35
- 2021PPL-MCTS: Constrained Textual Generation Through Discriminator-Guided MCTS Decodingcited by 33
- 2023Reinforcement Learning for Generative AI: A Surveycited by 11
- 2022Generative Cooperative Networks for Natural Language Generationcited by 8
- 2024Entropy-Reinforced Planning with Large Language Models for Drug Discoverycited by 6
- 2022Joint Generator-Ranker Learning for Natural Language Generationcited by 4
- 2025ScaffoldGPT: A Scaffold-based GPT Model for Drug Optimizationcited by 3
- 2025ScaffoldGPT: A Scaffold-based GPT Model for Drug Optimization9 Feb 2025
- 2024InfAlign: Inference-aware language model alignment27 Dec 2024
- 2024Entropy-Reinforced Planning with Large Language Models for Drug Discovery11 Jun 2024
- 2023"Honey, Tell Me What's Wrong", Global Explanation of Textual Discriminative Models through Cooperative Generation27 Oct 2023
- 2023Controlled Decoding from Language Models25 Oct 2023
- 2023KCTS: Knowledge-Constrained Tree Search Decoding with Token-Level Hallucination Detection13 Oct 2023
- 2023Reinforcement Learning for Generative AI: A Survey28 Aug 2023
- 2023Transformer-based Planning for Symbolic Regression13 Mar 2023
- 2023Planning with Large Language Models for Code Generation9 Mar 2023
- 2022Solving Math Word Problems via Cooperative Reasoning induced Language Models28 Oct 2022
- 2022Joint Generator-Ranker Learning for Natural Language Generation28 Jun 2022
- 2022Which Discriminator for Cooperative Text Generation?25 Apr 2022
- 2024InfAlign: Inference-aware language model alignmentcited by 35
- 2024InfAlign: Inference-aware language model alignment27 Dec 2024
- 2023Planning with Large Language Models for Code Generationcited by 182
- 2023Controlled Decoding from Language Modelscited by 135
- 2023Transformer-based Planning for Symbolic Regressioncited by 79
- 2023KCTS: Knowledge-Constrained Tree Search Decoding with Token-Level Hallucination Detectioncited by 45
- 2021PPL-MCTS: Constrained Textual Generation Through Discriminator-Guided MCTS Decodingcited by 33
- 2023Reinforcement Learning for Generative AI: A Surveycited by 11
- 2022Generative Cooperative Networks for Natural Language Generationcited by 8
- 2024Entropy-Reinforced Planning with Large Language Models for Drug Discoverycited by 6
- 2022Joint Generator-Ranker Learning for Natural Language Generationcited by 4
- 2025ScaffoldGPT: A Scaffold-based GPT Model for Drug Optimizationcited by 3
- 2022Which Discriminator for Cooperative Text Generation?cited by 2
- 2023"Honey, Tell Me What's Wrong", Global Explanation of Textual Discriminative Models through Cooperative Generationcited by 0
- 2025ScaffoldGPT: A Scaffold-based GPT Model for Drug Optimization9 Feb 2025
- 2024Entropy-Reinforced Planning with Large Language Models for Drug Discovery11 Jun 2024
- 2023"Honey, Tell Me What's Wrong", Global Explanation of Textual Discriminative Models through Cooperative Generation27 Oct 2023
- 2023Controlled Decoding from Language Models25 Oct 2023
- 2023KCTS: Knowledge-Constrained Tree Search Decoding with Token-Level Hallucination Detection13 Oct 2023
- 2023Reinforcement Learning for Generative AI: A Survey28 Aug 2023
- 2023Transformer-based Planning for Symbolic Regression13 Mar 2023
- 2023Planning with Large Language Models for Code Generation9 Mar 2023
- 2022Joint Generator-Ranker Learning for Natural Language Generation28 Jun 2022
- 2022Which Discriminator for Cooperative Text Generation?25 Apr 2022
- 2022Generative Cooperative Networks for Natural Language Generation28 Jan 2022
- 2021PPL-MCTS: Constrained Textual Generation Through Discriminator-Guided MCTS Decoding28 Sep 2021