Masked Contrastive Learning for Anomaly Detection
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Abstract (arXiv)
Detecting anomalies is one fundamental aspect of a safety-critical software system, however, it remains a long-standing problem. Numerous branches of works have been proposed to alleviate the complication and have demonstrated their efficiencies. In particular, self-supervised learning based methods are spurring interest due to their capability of learning diverse representations without additional labels. Among self-supervised learning tactics, contrastive learning is one specific framework validating their superiority in various fields, including anomaly detection. However, the primary objective of contrastive learning is to learn task-agnostic features without any labels, which is not entirely suited to discern anomalies. In this paper, we propose a task-specific variant of contrastive learning named masked contrastive learning, which is more befitted for anomaly detection. Moreover, we propose a new inference method dubbed self-ensemble inference that further boosts performance by leveraging the ability learned through auxiliary self-supervision tasks. By combining our models, we can outperform previous state-of-the-art methods by a significant margin on various benchmark datasets.
Key facts. Cited by 23 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 25 of its 31 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 May 2021.
Builds on
25 of 31 references.
References · 25
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13 more
- 2019EfficientDet: Scalable and Efficient Object Detectioncited by 1,018
- 2018Deep Anomaly Detection with Outlier Exposurecited by 939
- 2017Unsupervised Anomaly Detection with Generative Adversarial Networks to Guide Marker Discoverycited by 566
- 2018Predictive Uncertainty Estimation via Prior Networkscited by 555
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- 2020CSI: Novelty Detection via Contrastive Learning on Distributionally Shifted Instancescited by 441
- 2018Why ReLU networks yield high-confidence predictions far away from the training data and how to mitigate the problemcited by 323
- 2018Deep Anomaly Detection Using Geometric Transformationscited by 269
- 2020Contrastive Training for Improved Out-of-Distribution Detectioncited by 186
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- 2018Anomaly Detection with Generative Adversarial Networks for Multivariate Time Seriescited by 55
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 9; 2023: 8; 2024: 3; 2025: 2.
23 papers.
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- 2022Self-Supervised Anomaly Detection in Computer Vision and Beyond: A Survey and Outlookcited by 24
- 2021Self-supervised Pseudo Multi-class Pre-training for Unsupervised Anomaly Detection and Segmentation in Medical Imagescited by 23
- 2024Partitioning Message Passing for Graph Fraud Detectioncited by 21
- 2022Significantly improving zero-shot X-ray pathology classification via fine-tuning pre-trained image-text encoderscited by 15
- 2025Handling Out-of-Distribution Data: A Surveycited by 14
- 2022Enhancing Out-of-Distribution Detection in Natural Language Understanding via Implicit Layer Ensemblecited by 9
- 2023OOD Aware Supervised Contrastive Learningcited by 7
- 2022OOD Augmentation May Be at Odds with Open-Set Recognitioncited by 6
- 2023SeMAnD: Self-Supervised Anomaly Detection in Multimodal Geospatial Datasetscited by 4
- 2022Self-Supervised Anomaly Detection by Self-Distillation and Negative Samplingcited by 3
- 2022Deep Federated Anomaly Detection for Multivariate Time Series Datacited by 3
- 2023Dissolving Is Amplifying: Towards Fine-Grained Anomaly Detectioncited by 3
11 more
- 2023Universal Domain Adaptation for Robust Handling of Distributional Shifts in NLPcited by 2
- 2023Proxy-based Item Representation for Attribute and Context-aware Recommendationcited by 2
- 2022Understanding the properties and limitations of contrastive learning for Out-of-Distribution detectioncited by 1
- 2023Cluster-aware Contrastive Learning for Unsupervised Out-of-distribution Detectioncited by 1
- 2024Towards a Unified Framework of Clustering-based Anomaly Detectioncited by 1
- 2022Detecting Irregular Network Activity with Adversarial Learning and Expert Feedbackcited by 0
- 2022Anomaly Detection via Multi-Scale Contrasted Memorycited by 0
- 2023Few-shot Detection of Anomalies in Industrial Cyber-Physical System via Prototypical Network and Contrastive Learningcited by 0
- 2023AGAD: Adversarial Generative Anomaly Detectioncited by 0
- 2024End-To-End Self-Tuning Self-Supervised Time Series Anomaly Detectioncited by 0
- 2025CroTad: A Contrastive Reinforcement Learning Framework for Online Trajectory Anomaly Detectioncited by 0
- 2025CroTad: A Contrastive Reinforcement Learning Framework for Online Trajectory Anomaly Detection21 Nov 2025
- 2025Handling Out-of-Distribution Data: A Survey25 Jul 2025
- 2024Partitioning Message Passing for Graph Fraud Detection16 Nov 2024
- 2024Towards a Unified Framework of Clustering-based Anomaly Detection1 Jun 2024
- 2024End-To-End Self-Tuning Self-Supervised Time Series Anomaly Detection3 Apr 2024
- 2023Proxy-based Item Representation for Attribute and Context-aware Recommendation11 Dec 2023
- 2023Universal Domain Adaptation for Robust Handling of Distributional Shifts in NLP23 Oct 2023
- 2023OOD Aware Supervised Contrastive Learning3 Oct 2023
- 2023SeMAnD: Self-Supervised Anomaly Detection in Multimodal Geospatial Datasets26 Sep 2023
- 2023AGAD: Adversarial Generative Anomaly Detection9 Apr 2023
- 2023Dissolving Is Amplifying: Towards Fine-Grained Anomaly Detection28 Feb 2023
- 2023Few-shot Detection of Anomalies in Industrial Cyber-Physical System via Prototypical Network and Contrastive Learning21 Feb 2023
11 more
- 2023Cluster-aware Contrastive Learning for Unsupervised Out-of-distribution Detection6 Feb 2023
- 2022Significantly improving zero-shot X-ray pathology classification via fine-tuning pre-trained image-text encoders14 Dec 2022
- 2022Anomaly Detection via Multi-Scale Contrasted Memory16 Nov 2022
- 2022Understanding the properties and limitations of contrastive learning for Out-of-Distribution detection6 Nov 2022
- 2022Enhancing Out-of-Distribution Detection in Natural Language Understanding via Implicit Layer Ensemble20 Oct 2022
- 2022Detecting Irregular Network Activity with Adversarial Learning and Expert Feedback1 Oct 2022
- 2022OOD Augmentation May Be at Odds with Open-Set Recognition9 Jun 2022
- 2022Self-Supervised Anomaly Detection in Computer Vision and Beyond: A Survey and Outlook10 May 2022
- 2022Deep Federated Anomaly Detection for Multivariate Time Series Data9 May 2022
- 2022Self-Supervised Anomaly Detection by Self-Distillation and Negative Sampling17 Jan 2022
- 2021Self-supervised Pseudo Multi-class Pre-training for Unsupervised Anomaly Detection and Segmentation in Medical Images3 Sep 2021
- 2022Self-Supervised Anomaly Detection in Computer Vision and Beyond: A Survey and Outlookcited by 24
- 2021Self-supervised Pseudo Multi-class Pre-training for Unsupervised Anomaly Detection and Segmentation in Medical Imagescited by 23
- 2024Partitioning Message Passing for Graph Fraud Detectioncited by 21
- 2022Significantly improving zero-shot X-ray pathology classification via fine-tuning pre-trained image-text encoderscited by 15
- 2025Handling Out-of-Distribution Data: A Surveycited by 14
- 2022Enhancing Out-of-Distribution Detection in Natural Language Understanding via Implicit Layer Ensemblecited by 9
- 2023OOD Aware Supervised Contrastive Learningcited by 7
- 2022OOD Augmentation May Be at Odds with Open-Set Recognitioncited by 6
- 2023SeMAnD: Self-Supervised Anomaly Detection in Multimodal Geospatial Datasetscited by 4
- 2022Self-Supervised Anomaly Detection by Self-Distillation and Negative Samplingcited by 3
- 2022Deep Federated Anomaly Detection for Multivariate Time Series Datacited by 3
- 2023Dissolving Is Amplifying: Towards Fine-Grained Anomaly Detectioncited by 3
12 most cited of 23 All 23 (JSON)
- 2025CroTad: A Contrastive Reinforcement Learning Framework for Online Trajectory Anomaly Detection21 Nov 2025
- 2025Handling Out-of-Distribution Data: A Survey25 Jul 2025
- 2024Partitioning Message Passing for Graph Fraud Detection16 Nov 2024
- 2024Towards a Unified Framework of Clustering-based Anomaly Detection1 Jun 2024
- 2024End-To-End Self-Tuning Self-Supervised Time Series Anomaly Detection3 Apr 2024
- 2023Proxy-based Item Representation for Attribute and Context-aware Recommendation11 Dec 2023
- 2023Universal Domain Adaptation for Robust Handling of Distributional Shifts in NLP23 Oct 2023
- 2023OOD Aware Supervised Contrastive Learning3 Oct 2023
- 2023SeMAnD: Self-Supervised Anomaly Detection in Multimodal Geospatial Datasets26 Sep 2023
- 2023AGAD: Adversarial Generative Anomaly Detection9 Apr 2023
- 2023Dissolving Is Amplifying: Towards Fine-Grained Anomaly Detection28 Feb 2023
- 2023Few-shot Detection of Anomalies in Industrial Cyber-Physical System via Prototypical Network and Contrastive Learning21 Feb 2023
12 newest of 23 All 23 (JSON)