mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Masked Contrastive Learning for Anomaly Detection

arXiv 2105.08793 ↗First posted 18 May 2021cs.LG cs.CVcited by 23

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Abstract (arXiv)

Detecting anomalies is one fundamental aspect of a safety-critical software system, however, it remains a long-standing problem. Numerous branches of works have been proposed to alleviate the complication and have demonstrated their efficiencies. In particular, self-supervised learning based methods are spurring interest due to their capability of learning diverse representations without additional labels. Among self-supervised learning tactics, contrastive learning is one specific framework validating their superiority in various fields, including anomaly detection. However, the primary objective of contrastive learning is to learn task-agnostic features without any labels, which is not entirely suited to discern anomalies. In this paper, we propose a task-specific variant of contrastive learning named masked contrastive learning, which is more befitted for anomaly detection. Moreover, we propose a new inference method dubbed self-ensemble inference that further boosts performance by leveraging the ability learned through auxiliary self-supervision tasks. By combining our models, we can outperform previous state-of-the-art methods by a significant margin on various benchmark datasets.

Key facts. Cited by 23 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 25 of its 31 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 May 2021.

Builds on

25 of 31 references.

References · 25

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  2. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  3. 2020A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representationscited by 11,979
  4. 2019EfficientNet: Rethinking Model Scaling for Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 6,415
  5. 2015Dropout as a Bayesian Approximation: Representing Model Uncertainty in Deep Learningcited by 4,416
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  7. 2020Supervised Contrastive Learningcited by 2,803
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13 more
  1. 2019EfficientDet: Scalable and Efficient Object Detectioncited by 1,018
  2. 2018Deep Anomaly Detection with Outlier Exposurecited by 939
  3. 2017Unsupervised Anomaly Detection with Generative Adversarial Networks to Guide Marker Discoverycited by 566
  4. 2018Predictive Uncertainty Estimation via Prior Networkscited by 555
  5. 2015Weight Uncertainty in Neural Networkscited by 554
  6. 2019Using Self-Supervised Learning Can Improve Model Robustness and Uncertaintycited by 511
  7. 2020CSI: Novelty Detection via Contrastive Learning on Distributionally Shifted Instancescited by 441
  8. 2018Why ReLU networks yield high-confidence predictions far away from the training data and how to mitigate the problemcited by 323
  9. 2018Deep Anomaly Detection Using Geometric Transformationscited by 269
  10. 2020Contrastive Training for Improved Out-of-Distribution Detectioncited by 186
  11. 2019C2AE: Class Conditioned Auto-Encoder for Open-set Recognitioncited by 142
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  13. 2018Anomaly Detection with Generative Adversarial Networks for Multivariate Time Seriescited by 55

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 9; 2023: 8; 2024: 3; 2025: 2.

23 papers.

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  1. 2022Self-Supervised Anomaly Detection in Computer Vision and Beyond: A Survey and Outlookcited by 24
  2. 2021Self-supervised Pseudo Multi-class Pre-training for Unsupervised Anomaly Detection and Segmentation in Medical Imagescited by 23
  3. 2024Partitioning Message Passing for Graph Fraud Detectioncited by 21
  4. 2022Significantly improving zero-shot X-ray pathology classification via fine-tuning pre-trained image-text encoderscited by 15
  5. 2025Handling Out-of-Distribution Data: A Surveycited by 14
  6. 2022Enhancing Out-of-Distribution Detection in Natural Language Understanding via Implicit Layer Ensemblecited by 9
  7. 2023OOD Aware Supervised Contrastive Learningcited by 7
  8. 2022OOD Augmentation May Be at Odds with Open-Set Recognitioncited by 6
  9. 2023SeMAnD: Self-Supervised Anomaly Detection in Multimodal Geospatial Datasetscited by 4
  10. 2022Self-Supervised Anomaly Detection by Self-Distillation and Negative Samplingcited by 3
  11. 2022Deep Federated Anomaly Detection for Multivariate Time Series Datacited by 3
  12. 2023Dissolving Is Amplifying: Towards Fine-Grained Anomaly Detectioncited by 3
11 more
  1. 2023Universal Domain Adaptation for Robust Handling of Distributional Shifts in NLPcited by 2
  2. 2023Proxy-based Item Representation for Attribute and Context-aware Recommendationcited by 2
  3. 2022Understanding the properties and limitations of contrastive learning for Out-of-Distribution detectioncited by 1
  4. 2023Cluster-aware Contrastive Learning for Unsupervised Out-of-distribution Detectioncited by 1
  5. 2024Towards a Unified Framework of Clustering-based Anomaly Detectioncited by 1
  6. 2022Detecting Irregular Network Activity with Adversarial Learning and Expert Feedbackcited by 0
  7. 2022Anomaly Detection via Multi-Scale Contrasted Memorycited by 0
  8. 2023Few-shot Detection of Anomalies in Industrial Cyber-Physical System via Prototypical Network and Contrastive Learningcited by 0
  9. 2023AGAD: Adversarial Generative Anomaly Detectioncited by 0
  10. 2024End-To-End Self-Tuning Self-Supervised Time Series Anomaly Detectioncited by 0
  11. 2025CroTad: A Contrastive Reinforcement Learning Framework for Online Trajectory Anomaly Detectioncited by 0