LeBenchmark: A Reproducible Framework for Assessing Self-Supervised Representation Learning from Speech
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Abstract (arXiv)
Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) using huge unlabeled data has been successfully explored for image and natural language processing. Recent works also investigated SSL from speech. They were notably successful to improve performance on downstream tasks such as automatic speech recognition (ASR). While these works suggest it is possible to reduce dependence on labeled data for building efficient speech systems, their evaluation was mostly made on ASR and using multiple and heterogeneous experimental settings (most of them for English). This questions the objective comparison of SSL approaches and the evaluation of their impact on building speech systems. In this paper, we propose LeBenchmark: a reproducible framework for assessing SSL from speech. It not only includes ASR (high and low resource) tasks but also spoken language understanding, speech translation and emotion recognition. We also focus on speech technologies in a language different than English: French. SSL models of different sizes are trained from carefully sourced and documented datasets. Experiments show that SSL is beneficial for most but not all tasks which confirms the need for exhaustive and reliable benchmarks to evaluate its real impact. LeBenchmark is shared with the scientific community for reproducible research in SSL from speech.
Key facts. Cited by 46 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 26 of its 53 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Apr 2021.
Builds on
26 of 53 references.
References · 26
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14 more
- 2020MLS: A Large-Scale Multilingual Dataset for Speech Researchcited by 467
- 2021VoxPopuli: A Large-Scale Multilingual Speech Corpus for Representation Learning, Semi-Supervised Learning and Interpretationcited by 455
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- 2021The Multilingual TEDx Corpus for Speech Recognition and Translationcited by 101
- 2020Unsupervised pretraining transfers well across languagescited by 100
- 2019Generative Pre-Training for Speech with Autoregressive Predictive Codingcited by 82
- 2019Effectiveness of self-supervised pre-training for speech recognitioncited by 72
- 2020Learning Robust and Multilingual Speech Representationscited by 39
- 2019Curriculum-based transfer learning for an effective end-to-end spoken language understanding and domain portabilitycited by 29
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 14; 2023: 14; 2024: 7; 2025: 3; 2026: 3.
46 papers.
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- 2022Self-Supervised Speech Representation Learning: A Reviewcited by 258
- 2021DistilHuBERT: Speech Representation Learning by Layer-wise Distillation of Hidden-unit BERTcited by 129
- 2023Dynamic-SUPERB: Towards A Dynamic, Collaborative, and Comprehensive Instruction-Tuning Benchmark for Speechcited by 99
- 2025Full-Duplex-Bench: A Benchmark to Evaluate Full-duplex Spoken Dialogue Models on Turn-taking Capabilitiescited by 94
- 2022SUPERB-SG: Enhanced Speech processing Universal PERformance Benchmark for Semantic and Generative Capabilitiescited by 76
- 2023ML-SUPERB: Multilingual Speech Universal PERformance Benchmarkcited by 70
- 2022Audio Self-supervised Learning: A Surveycited by 65
- 2024A Large-Scale Evaluation of Speech Foundation Modelscited by 38
- 2021Fine-tuning wav2vec2 for speaker recognitioncited by 35
- 2022SLUE Phase-2: A Benchmark Suite of Diverse Spoken Language Understanding Taskscited by 34
- 2022SpeechCLIP: Integrating Speech with Pre-Trained Vision and Language Modelcited by 29
- 2023Speech Self-Supervised Representation Benchmarking: Are We Doing it Right?cited by 28
34 more
- 2022SUPERB @ SLT 2022: Challenge on Generalization and Efficiency of Self-Supervised Speech Representation Learningcited by 26
- 2023Self-supervised Fine-tuning for Improved Content Representations by Speaker-invariant Clusteringcited by 21
- 2023LeBenchmark 2.0: a Standardized, Replicable and Enhanced Framework for Self-supervised Representations of French Speechcited by 17
- 2023Speech Self-Supervised Representations Benchmarking: a Case for Larger Probing Headscited by 16
- 2022A Study of Gender Impact in Self-supervised Models for Speech-to-Text Systemscited by 14
- 2024Benchmarking Representations for Speech, Music, and Acoustic Eventscited by 14
- 2023Homophone Disambiguation Reveals Patterns of Context Mixing in Speech Transformerscited by 13
- 2024SpeechPrompt: Prompting Speech Language Models for Speech Processing Taskscited by 12
- 2021Where are we in semantic concept extraction for Spoken Language Understanding?cited by 11
- 2022End-to-end model for named entity recognition from speech without paired training datacited by 11
- 2023Findings of the 2023 ML-SUPERB Challenge: Pre-Training and Evaluation over More Languages and Beyondcited by 10
- 2021Pretext Tasks selection for multitask self-supervised speech representation learningcited by 7
- 2023Federated Learning for ASR based on Wav2vec 2.0cited by 7
- 2022MTI-Net: A Multi-Target Speech Intelligibility Prediction Modelcited by 6
- 2022ON-TRAC Consortium Systems for the IWSLT 2022 Dialect and Low-resource Speech Translation Taskscited by 6
- 2024SKILL: Similarity-aware Knowledge distILLation for Speech Self-Supervised Learningcited by 4
- 2021Are E2E ASR models ready for an industrial usage?cited by 3
- 2022Toward Low-Cost End-to-End Spoken Language Understandingcited by 3
- 2023Exploring Attention Mechanisms for Multimodal Emotion Recognition in an Emergency Call Center Corpuscited by 3
- 2025TS-SUPERB: A Target Speech Processing Benchmark for Speech Self-Supervised Learning Modelscited by 3
- 2024What has LeBenchmark Learnt about French Syntax?cited by 2
- 2024New Semantic Task for the French Spoken Language Understanding MEDIA Benchmarkcited by 2
- 2026Pantagruel: Unified Self-Supervised Encoders for French Text and Speechcited by 2
- 2026A Comprehensive Analysis of Tokenization and Self-Supervised Learning in End-to-End Automatic Speech Recognition applied on French Languagecited by 2
- 2022Training speaker recognition systems with limited datacited by 1
- 2022Cross-domain Voice Activity Detection with Self-Supervised Representationscited by 1
- 2023Efficiency-oriented approaches for self-supervised speech representation learningcited by 1
- 2025Evaluation of Deep Audio Representations for Hearablescited by 1
- 2026LoASR-Bench: Evaluating Large Speech Language Models on Low-Resource Automatic Speech Recognition Across Language Familiescited by 1
- 2022Vers la compr'ehension automatique de la parole bout-en-bout `a moindre effortcited by 0
- 2023Automatic Data Augmentation for Domain Adapted Fine-Tuning of Self-Supervised Speech Representationscited by 0
- 2023Multiscale Contextual Learning for Speech Emotion Recognition in Emergency Call Center Conversationscited by 0
- 2023HuBERTopic: Enhancing Semantic Representation of HuBERT through Self-supervision Utilizing Topic Modelcited by 0
- 2024Textless Dependency Parsing by Labeled Sequence Predictioncited by 0
- 2026A Comprehensive Analysis of Tokenization and Self-Supervised Learning in End-to-End Automatic Speech Recognition applied on French Language5 May 2026
- 2026LoASR-Bench: Evaluating Large Speech Language Models on Low-Resource Automatic Speech Recognition Across Language Families20 Mar 2026
- 2026Pantagruel: Unified Self-Supervised Encoders for French Text and Speech9 Jan 2026
- 2025TS-SUPERB: A Target Speech Processing Benchmark for Speech Self-Supervised Learning Models10 May 2025
- 2025Full-Duplex-Bench: A Benchmark to Evaluate Full-duplex Spoken Dialogue Models on Turn-taking Capabilities6 Mar 2025
- 2025Evaluation of Deep Audio Representations for Hearables10 Feb 2025
- 2024SpeechPrompt: Prompting Speech Language Models for Speech Processing Tasks23 Aug 2024
- 2024Textless Dependency Parsing by Labeled Sequence Prediction14 Jul 2024
- 2024Benchmarking Representations for Speech, Music, and Acoustic Events2 May 2024
- 2024A Large-Scale Evaluation of Speech Foundation Models15 Apr 2024
- 2024New Semantic Task for the French Spoken Language Understanding MEDIA Benchmark28 Mar 2024
- 2024What has LeBenchmark Learnt about French Syntax?4 Mar 2024
34 more
- 2024SKILL: Similarity-aware Knowledge distILLation for Speech Self-Supervised Learning26 Feb 2024
- 2023Efficiency-oriented approaches for self-supervised speech representation learning18 Dec 2023
- 2023Homophone Disambiguation Reveals Patterns of Context Mixing in Speech Transformers15 Oct 2023
- 2023Findings of the 2023 ML-SUPERB Challenge: Pre-Training and Evaluation over More Languages and Beyond9 Oct 2023
- 2023HuBERTopic: Enhancing Semantic Representation of HuBERT through Self-supervision Utilizing Topic Model6 Oct 2023
- 2023Dynamic-SUPERB: Towards A Dynamic, Collaborative, and Comprehensive Instruction-Tuning Benchmark for Speech18 Sep 2023
- 2023LeBenchmark 2.0: a Standardized, Replicable and Enhanced Framework for Self-supervised Representations of French Speech11 Sep 2023
- 2023Multiscale Contextual Learning for Speech Emotion Recognition in Emergency Call Center Conversations28 Aug 2023
- 2023Speech Self-Supervised Representations Benchmarking: a Case for Larger Probing Heads28 Aug 2023
- 2023Exploring Attention Mechanisms for Multimodal Emotion Recognition in an Emergency Call Center Corpus12 Jun 2023
- 2023Automatic Data Augmentation for Domain Adapted Fine-Tuning of Self-Supervised Speech Representations1 Jun 2023
- 2023Speech Self-Supervised Representation Benchmarking: Are We Doing it Right?1 Jun 2023
- 2023Self-supervised Fine-tuning for Improved Content Representations by Speaker-invariant Clustering18 May 2023
- 2023ML-SUPERB: Multilingual Speech Universal PERformance Benchmark18 May 2023
- 2023Federated Learning for ASR based on Wav2vec 2.020 Feb 2023
- 2022SLUE Phase-2: A Benchmark Suite of Diverse Spoken Language Understanding Tasks20 Dec 2022
- 2022SUPERB @ SLT 2022: Challenge on Generalization and Efficiency of Self-Supervised Speech Representation Learning16 Oct 2022
- 2022SpeechCLIP: Integrating Speech with Pre-Trained Vision and Language Model3 Oct 2022
- 2022Cross-domain Voice Activity Detection with Self-Supervised Representations22 Sep 2022
- 2022Toward Low-Cost End-to-End Spoken Language Understanding1 Jul 2022
- 2022Vers la compr'ehension automatique de la parole bout-en-bout `a moindre effort1 Jul 2022
- 2022Self-Supervised Speech Representation Learning: A Review21 May 2022
- 2022ON-TRAC Consortium Systems for the IWSLT 2022 Dialect and Low-resource Speech Translation Tasks4 May 2022
- 2022MTI-Net: A Multi-Target Speech Intelligibility Prediction Model7 Apr 2022
- 2022A Study of Gender Impact in Self-supervised Models for Speech-to-Text Systems4 Apr 2022
- 2022End-to-end model for named entity recognition from speech without paired training data2 Apr 2022
- 2022Training speaker recognition systems with limited data28 Mar 2022
- 2022SUPERB-SG: Enhanced Speech processing Universal PERformance Benchmark for Semantic and Generative Capabilities14 Mar 2022
- 2022Audio Self-supervised Learning: A Survey2 Mar 2022
- 2021Are E2E ASR models ready for an industrial usage?9 Dec 2021
- 2021DistilHuBERT: Speech Representation Learning by Layer-wise Distillation of Hidden-unit BERT5 Oct 2021
- 2021Fine-tuning wav2vec2 for speaker recognition30 Sep 2021
- 2021Pretext Tasks selection for multitask self-supervised speech representation learning1 Jul 2021
- 2021Where are we in semantic concept extraction for Spoken Language Understanding?24 Jun 2021
- 2022Self-Supervised Speech Representation Learning: A Reviewcited by 258
- 2021DistilHuBERT: Speech Representation Learning by Layer-wise Distillation of Hidden-unit BERTcited by 129
- 2023Dynamic-SUPERB: Towards A Dynamic, Collaborative, and Comprehensive Instruction-Tuning Benchmark for Speechcited by 99
- 2025Full-Duplex-Bench: A Benchmark to Evaluate Full-duplex Spoken Dialogue Models on Turn-taking Capabilitiescited by 94
- 2022SUPERB-SG: Enhanced Speech processing Universal PERformance Benchmark for Semantic and Generative Capabilitiescited by 76
- 2023ML-SUPERB: Multilingual Speech Universal PERformance Benchmarkcited by 70
- 2022Audio Self-supervised Learning: A Surveycited by 65
- 2024A Large-Scale Evaluation of Speech Foundation Modelscited by 38
- 2021Fine-tuning wav2vec2 for speaker recognitioncited by 35
- 2022SLUE Phase-2: A Benchmark Suite of Diverse Spoken Language Understanding Taskscited by 34
- 2022SpeechCLIP: Integrating Speech with Pre-Trained Vision and Language Modelcited by 29
- 2023Speech Self-Supervised Representation Benchmarking: Are We Doing it Right?cited by 28
12 most cited of 46 All 46 (JSON)
- 2026A Comprehensive Analysis of Tokenization and Self-Supervised Learning in End-to-End Automatic Speech Recognition applied on French Language5 May 2026
- 2026LoASR-Bench: Evaluating Large Speech Language Models on Low-Resource Automatic Speech Recognition Across Language Families20 Mar 2026
- 2026Pantagruel: Unified Self-Supervised Encoders for French Text and Speech9 Jan 2026
- 2025TS-SUPERB: A Target Speech Processing Benchmark for Speech Self-Supervised Learning Models10 May 2025
- 2025Full-Duplex-Bench: A Benchmark to Evaluate Full-duplex Spoken Dialogue Models on Turn-taking Capabilities6 Mar 2025
- 2025Evaluation of Deep Audio Representations for Hearables10 Feb 2025
- 2024SpeechPrompt: Prompting Speech Language Models for Speech Processing Tasks23 Aug 2024
- 2024Textless Dependency Parsing by Labeled Sequence Prediction14 Jul 2024
- 2024Benchmarking Representations for Speech, Music, and Acoustic Events2 May 2024
- 2024A Large-Scale Evaluation of Speech Foundation Models15 Apr 2024
- 2024New Semantic Task for the French Spoken Language Understanding MEDIA Benchmark28 Mar 2024
- 2024What has LeBenchmark Learnt about French Syntax?4 Mar 2024
12 newest of 46 All 46 (JSON)