mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Unsupervised Continual Learning Via Pseudo Labels

arXiv 2104.07164 ↗First posted 14 Apr 2021cs.CVcited by 18

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Abstract (arXiv)

Continual learning aims to learn new tasks incrementally using less computation and memory resources instead of retraining the model from scratch whenever new task arrives. However, existing approaches are designed in supervised fashion assuming all data from new tasks have been manually annotated, which are not practical for many real-life applications. In this work, we propose to use pseudo label instead of the ground truth to make continual learning feasible in unsupervised mode. The pseudo labels of new data are obtained by applying global clustering algorithm and we propose to use the model updated from last incremental step as the feature extractor. Due to the scarcity of existing work, we introduce a new benchmark experimental protocol for unsupervised continual learning of image classification task under class-incremental setting where no class label is provided for each incremental learning step. Our method is evaluated on the CIFAR-100 and ImageNet (ILSVRC) datasets by incorporating the pseudo label with various existing supervised approaches and show promising results in unsupervised scenario.

Key facts. Cited by 18 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 38 of its 63 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Apr 2021.

Builds on

38 of 63 references.

References · 38

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  2. 2015Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Networkcited by 10,076
  3. 2014ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challengecited by 8,441
  4. 2016Learning without Forgettingcited by 2,465
  5. 2016iCaRL: Incremental Classifier and Representation Learningcited by 2,313
  6. 2017Gradient Episodic Memory for Continual Learningcited by 1,871
  7. 2016Progressive Neural Networkscited by 1,332
  8. 2017Continual Learning with Deep Generative Replaycited by 1,152
  9. 2018Deep Clustering for Unsupervised Learning of Visual Featurescited by 1,020
  10. 2015Unsupervised Deep Embedding for Clustering Analysiscited by 763
  11. 2019Large Scale Incremental Learningcited by 727
  12. 2019Self-supervised Visual Feature Learning with Deep Neural Networks: A Surveycited by 656
26 more
  1. 2018End-to-End Incremental Learningcited by 596
  2. 2019Gradient based sample selection for online continual learningcited by 568
  3. 2018Progress & Compress: A scalable framework for continual learningcited by 516
  4. 2020Class-incremental learning: survey and performance evaluation on image classificationcited by 446
  5. 2019Online Continual Learning with Maximally Interfered Retrievalcited by 376
  6. 2020SCAN: Learning to Classify Images without Labelscited by 351
  7. 2017CORe50: a New Dataset and Benchmark for Continuous Object Recognitioncited by 287
  8. 2019Maintaining Discrimination and Fairness in Class Incremental Learningcited by 281
  9. 2018Re-evaluating Continual Learning Scenarios: A Categorization and Case for Strong Baselinescited by 228
  10. 2020Mnemonics Training: Multi-Class Incremental Learning without Forgettingcited by 220
  11. 2018Task-Free Continual Learningcited by 219
  12. 2016Joint Unsupervised Learning of Deep Representations and Image Clusterscited by 205
  13. 2017FearNet: Brain-Inspired Model for Incremental Learningcited by 177
  14. 2020Using Hindsight to Anchor Past Knowledge in Continual Learningcited by 160
  15. 2019Continual Unsupervised Representation Learningcited by 147
  16. 2020Continual Prototype Evolution: Learning Online from Non-Stationary Data Streamscited by 143
  17. 2020Conditional Channel Gated Networks for Task-Aware Continual Learningcited by 115
  18. 2019Overcoming Catastrophic Forgetting with Unlabeled Data in the Wildcited by 111
  19. 2018Continuous Learning in Single-Incremental-Task Scenarioscited by 109
  20. 2020Online Deep Clustering for Unsupervised Representation Learningcited by 99
  21. 2020Incremental Learning In Online Scenariocited by 71
  22. 2020Online Fast Adaptation and Knowledge Accumulation: a New Approach to Continual Learningcited by 38
  23. 2019Unsupervised Progressive Learning and the STAM Architecturecited by 29
  24. 2019Efficient Continual Learning in Neural Networks with Embedding Regularizationcited by 20
  25. 2017A Strategy for an Uncompromising Incremental Learnercited by 9
  26. 2020Few-Shot Unsupervised Continual Learning through Meta-Examplescited by 3

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 9; 2023: 3; 2024: 1; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.

18 papers.

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