Unsupervised Continual Learning Via Pseudo Labels
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Abstract (arXiv)
Continual learning aims to learn new tasks incrementally using less computation and memory resources instead of retraining the model from scratch whenever new task arrives. However, existing approaches are designed in supervised fashion assuming all data from new tasks have been manually annotated, which are not practical for many real-life applications. In this work, we propose to use pseudo label instead of the ground truth to make continual learning feasible in unsupervised mode. The pseudo labels of new data are obtained by applying global clustering algorithm and we propose to use the model updated from last incremental step as the feature extractor. Due to the scarcity of existing work, we introduce a new benchmark experimental protocol for unsupervised continual learning of image classification task under class-incremental setting where no class label is provided for each incremental learning step. Our method is evaluated on the CIFAR-100 and ImageNet (ILSVRC) datasets by incorporating the pseudo label with various existing supervised approaches and show promising results in unsupervised scenario.
Key facts. Cited by 18 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 38 of its 63 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Apr 2021.
Builds on
38 of 63 references.
References · 38
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
- 2015Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Networkcited by 10,076
- 2014ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challengecited by 8,441
- 2016Learning without Forgettingcited by 2,465
- 2016iCaRL: Incremental Classifier and Representation Learningcited by 2,313
- 2017Gradient Episodic Memory for Continual Learningcited by 1,871
- 2016Progressive Neural Networkscited by 1,332
- 2017Continual Learning with Deep Generative Replaycited by 1,152
- 2018Deep Clustering for Unsupervised Learning of Visual Featurescited by 1,020
- 2015Unsupervised Deep Embedding for Clustering Analysiscited by 763
- 2019Large Scale Incremental Learningcited by 727
- 2019Self-supervised Visual Feature Learning with Deep Neural Networks: A Surveycited by 656
26 more
- 2018End-to-End Incremental Learningcited by 596
- 2019Gradient based sample selection for online continual learningcited by 568
- 2018Progress & Compress: A scalable framework for continual learningcited by 516
- 2020Class-incremental learning: survey and performance evaluation on image classificationcited by 446
- 2019Online Continual Learning with Maximally Interfered Retrievalcited by 376
- 2020SCAN: Learning to Classify Images without Labelscited by 351
- 2017CORe50: a New Dataset and Benchmark for Continuous Object Recognitioncited by 287
- 2019Maintaining Discrimination and Fairness in Class Incremental Learningcited by 281
- 2018Re-evaluating Continual Learning Scenarios: A Categorization and Case for Strong Baselinescited by 228
- 2020Mnemonics Training: Multi-Class Incremental Learning without Forgettingcited by 220
- 2018Task-Free Continual Learningcited by 219
- 2016Joint Unsupervised Learning of Deep Representations and Image Clusterscited by 205
- 2017FearNet: Brain-Inspired Model for Incremental Learningcited by 177
- 2020Using Hindsight to Anchor Past Knowledge in Continual Learningcited by 160
- 2019Continual Unsupervised Representation Learningcited by 147
- 2020Continual Prototype Evolution: Learning Online from Non-Stationary Data Streamscited by 143
- 2020Conditional Channel Gated Networks for Task-Aware Continual Learningcited by 115
- 2019Overcoming Catastrophic Forgetting with Unlabeled Data in the Wildcited by 111
- 2018Continuous Learning in Single-Incremental-Task Scenarioscited by 109
- 2020Online Deep Clustering for Unsupervised Representation Learningcited by 99
- 2020Incremental Learning In Online Scenariocited by 71
- 2020Online Fast Adaptation and Knowledge Accumulation: a New Approach to Continual Learningcited by 38
- 2019Unsupervised Progressive Learning and the STAM Architecturecited by 29
- 2019Efficient Continual Learning in Neural Networks with Embedding Regularizationcited by 20
- 2017A Strategy for an Uncompromising Incremental Learnercited by 9
- 2020Few-Shot Unsupervised Continual Learning through Meta-Examplescited by 3
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 9; 2023: 3; 2024: 1; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.
18 papers.
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- 2022The CLEAR Benchmark: Continual LEArning on Real-World Imagerycited by 92
- 2021Online Continual Learning For Visual Food Classificationcited by 39
- 2022Exemplar-free Online Continual Learningcited by 18
- 2022SCALE: Online Self-Supervised Lifelong Learning without Prior Knowledgecited by 16
- 2021Online Continual Learning Via Candidates Votingcited by 15
- 2022Towards Unsupervised Open World Semantic Segmentationcited by 13
- 2022Out-Of-Distribution Detection In Unsupervised Continual Learningcited by 10
- 2023Preventing Catastrophic Forgetting in Continual Learning of New Natural Language Taskscited by 10
- 2022Detecting and Learning the Unknown in Semantic Segmentationcited by 4
- 2022Thalamus: a brain-inspired algorithm for biologically-plausible continual learning and disentangled representationscited by 4
- 2022Queried Unlabeled Data Improves and Robustifies Class-Incremental Learningcited by 4
- 2022Contrastive Learning for Online Semi-Supervised General Continual Learningcited by 4
6 more
- 2024U-TELL: Unsupervised Task Expert Lifelong Learningcited by 2
- 2023Detecting Novelties with Empty Classescited by 1
- 2023Spatiotemporal Event Graphs for Dynamic Scene Understandingcited by 0
- 2025Unsupervised Incremental Learning Using Confidence-Based Pseudo-Labelscited by 0
- 2025Unsupervised Video Continual Learning via Non-Parametric Deep Embedded Clusteringcited by 0
- 2026Unsupervised Video Class-Incremental Learning via Deep Embedded Clustering Managementcited by 0
- 2026Unsupervised Video Class-Incremental Learning via Deep Embedded Clustering Management20 Jan 2026
- 2025Unsupervised Video Continual Learning via Non-Parametric Deep Embedded Clustering29 Aug 2025
- 2025Unsupervised Incremental Learning Using Confidence-Based Pseudo-Labels29 Aug 2025
- 2024U-TELL: Unsupervised Task Expert Lifelong Learning23 May 2024
- 2023Spatiotemporal Event Graphs for Dynamic Scene Understanding11 Dec 2023
- 2023Detecting Novelties with Empty Classes30 Apr 2023
- 2023Preventing Catastrophic Forgetting in Continual Learning of New Natural Language Tasks22 Feb 2023
- 2022SCALE: Online Self-Supervised Lifelong Learning without Prior Knowledge24 Aug 2022
- 2022Contrastive Learning for Online Semi-Supervised General Continual Learning12 Jul 2022
- 2022Queried Unlabeled Data Improves and Robustifies Class-Incremental Learning15 Jun 2022
- 2022Thalamus: a brain-inspired algorithm for biologically-plausible continual learning and disentangled representations24 May 2022
- 2022Out-Of-Distribution Detection In Unsupervised Continual Learning12 Apr 2022
6 more
- 2022Detecting and Learning the Unknown in Semantic Segmentation17 Feb 2022
- 2022Exemplar-free Online Continual Learning11 Feb 2022
- 2022The CLEAR Benchmark: Continual LEArning on Real-World Imagery17 Jan 2022
- 2022Towards Unsupervised Open World Semantic Segmentation4 Jan 2022
- 2021Online Continual Learning Via Candidates Voting17 Oct 2021
- 2021Online Continual Learning For Visual Food Classification15 Aug 2021
- 2022The CLEAR Benchmark: Continual LEArning on Real-World Imagerycited by 92
- 2021Online Continual Learning For Visual Food Classificationcited by 39
- 2022Exemplar-free Online Continual Learningcited by 18
- 2022SCALE: Online Self-Supervised Lifelong Learning without Prior Knowledgecited by 16
- 2021Online Continual Learning Via Candidates Votingcited by 15
- 2022Towards Unsupervised Open World Semantic Segmentationcited by 13
- 2022Out-Of-Distribution Detection In Unsupervised Continual Learningcited by 10
- 2023Preventing Catastrophic Forgetting in Continual Learning of New Natural Language Taskscited by 10
- 2022Detecting and Learning the Unknown in Semantic Segmentationcited by 4
- 2022Thalamus: a brain-inspired algorithm for biologically-plausible continual learning and disentangled representationscited by 4
- 2022Queried Unlabeled Data Improves and Robustifies Class-Incremental Learningcited by 4
- 2022Contrastive Learning for Online Semi-Supervised General Continual Learningcited by 4
12 most cited of 18 All 18 (JSON)
- 2026Unsupervised Video Class-Incremental Learning via Deep Embedded Clustering Management20 Jan 2026
- 2025Unsupervised Video Continual Learning via Non-Parametric Deep Embedded Clustering29 Aug 2025
- 2025Unsupervised Incremental Learning Using Confidence-Based Pseudo-Labels29 Aug 2025
- 2024U-TELL: Unsupervised Task Expert Lifelong Learning23 May 2024
- 2023Spatiotemporal Event Graphs for Dynamic Scene Understanding11 Dec 2023
- 2023Detecting Novelties with Empty Classes30 Apr 2023
- 2023Preventing Catastrophic Forgetting in Continual Learning of New Natural Language Tasks22 Feb 2023
- 2022SCALE: Online Self-Supervised Lifelong Learning without Prior Knowledge24 Aug 2022
- 2022Contrastive Learning for Online Semi-Supervised General Continual Learning12 Jul 2022
- 2022Queried Unlabeled Data Improves and Robustifies Class-Incremental Learning15 Jun 2022
- 2022Thalamus: a brain-inspired algorithm for biologically-plausible continual learning and disentangled representations24 May 2022
- 2022Out-Of-Distribution Detection In Unsupervised Continual Learning12 Apr 2022
12 newest of 18 All 18 (JSON)