Comparison and Analysis of Deep Audio Embeddings for Music Emotion Recognition
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Abstract (arXiv)
Emotion is a complicated notion present in music that is hard to capture even with fine-tuned feature engineering. In this paper, we investigate the utility of state-of-the-art pre-trained deep audio embedding methods to be used in the Music Emotion Recognition (MER) task. Deep audio embedding methods allow us to efficiently capture the high dimensional features into a compact representation. We implement several multi-class classifiers with deep audio embeddings to predict emotion semantics in music. We investigate the effectiveness of L3-Net and VGGish deep audio embedding methods for music emotion inference over four music datasets. The experiments with several classifiers on the task show that the deep audio embedding solutions can improve the performances of the previous baseline MER models. We conclude that deep audio embeddings represent musical emotion semantics for the MER task without expert human engineering.
Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 15 of its 46 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 Apr 2021.
Builds on
15 of 46 references.
References · 15
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 2; 2023: 3; 2024: 5; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.
14 papers.
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- 2023emotion2vec: Self-Supervised Pre-Training for Speech Emotion Representationcited by 196
- 2021Codified audio language modeling learns useful representations for music information retrievalcited by 61
- 2022Supervised and Unsupervised Learning of Audio Representations for Music Understandingcited by 34
- 2022Low-Resource Music Genre Classification with Cross-Modal Neural Model Reprogrammingcited by 17
- 2024ECC Analyzer: Extract Trading Signal from Earnings Conference Calls using Large Language Model for Stock Performance Predictioncited by 9
- 2024YingSound: Video-Guided Sound Effects Generation with Multi-modal Chain-of-Thought Controlscited by 5
- 2025Automatic Stage Lighting Control: Is it a Rule-Driven Process or Generative Task?cited by 4
- 2023A Comparative Study of Pre-trained Speech and Audio Embeddings for Speech Emotion Recognitioncited by 3
- 2023Modularity in Deep Learning: A Surveycited by 3
- 2024Music auto-tagging in the long tail: A few-shot approachcited by 1
- 2024Emotion Manipulation Through Music -- A Deep Learning Interactive Visual Approachcited by 0
- 2024Semi-Supervised Self-Learning Enhanced Music Emotion Recognitioncited by 0
2 more
- 2026On the Emotion Understanding of Synthesized Speech17 Mar 2026
- 2025A Study on the Data Distribution Gap in Music Emotion Recognition6 Oct 2025
- 2025Automatic Stage Lighting Control: Is it a Rule-Driven Process or Generative Task?2 Jun 2025
- 2024YingSound: Video-Guided Sound Effects Generation with Multi-modal Chain-of-Thought Controls12 Dec 2024
- 2024Semi-Supervised Self-Learning Enhanced Music Emotion Recognition29 Oct 2024
- 2024Music auto-tagging in the long tail: A few-shot approach12 Sep 2024
- 2024Emotion Manipulation Through Music -- A Deep Learning Interactive Visual Approach12 Jun 2024
- 2024ECC Analyzer: Extract Trading Signal from Earnings Conference Calls using Large Language Model for Stock Performance Prediction29 Apr 2024
- 2023emotion2vec: Self-Supervised Pre-Training for Speech Emotion Representation23 Dec 2023
- 2023Modularity in Deep Learning: A Survey2 Oct 2023
- 2023A Comparative Study of Pre-trained Speech and Audio Embeddings for Speech Emotion Recognition22 Apr 2023
- 2022Low-Resource Music Genre Classification with Cross-Modal Neural Model Reprogramming2 Nov 2022
- 2023emotion2vec: Self-Supervised Pre-Training for Speech Emotion Representationcited by 196
- 2021Codified audio language modeling learns useful representations for music information retrievalcited by 61
- 2022Supervised and Unsupervised Learning of Audio Representations for Music Understandingcited by 34
- 2022Low-Resource Music Genre Classification with Cross-Modal Neural Model Reprogrammingcited by 17
- 2024ECC Analyzer: Extract Trading Signal from Earnings Conference Calls using Large Language Model for Stock Performance Predictioncited by 9
- 2024YingSound: Video-Guided Sound Effects Generation with Multi-modal Chain-of-Thought Controlscited by 5
- 2025Automatic Stage Lighting Control: Is it a Rule-Driven Process or Generative Task?cited by 4
- 2023A Comparative Study of Pre-trained Speech and Audio Embeddings for Speech Emotion Recognitioncited by 3
- 2023Modularity in Deep Learning: A Surveycited by 3
- 2024Music auto-tagging in the long tail: A few-shot approachcited by 1
- 2024Emotion Manipulation Through Music -- A Deep Learning Interactive Visual Approachcited by 0
- 2024Semi-Supervised Self-Learning Enhanced Music Emotion Recognitioncited by 0
12 most cited of 14 All 14 (JSON)
- 2026On the Emotion Understanding of Synthesized Speech17 Mar 2026
- 2025A Study on the Data Distribution Gap in Music Emotion Recognition6 Oct 2025
- 2025Automatic Stage Lighting Control: Is it a Rule-Driven Process or Generative Task?2 Jun 2025
- 2024YingSound: Video-Guided Sound Effects Generation with Multi-modal Chain-of-Thought Controls12 Dec 2024
- 2024Semi-Supervised Self-Learning Enhanced Music Emotion Recognition29 Oct 2024
- 2024Music auto-tagging in the long tail: A few-shot approach12 Sep 2024
- 2024Emotion Manipulation Through Music -- A Deep Learning Interactive Visual Approach12 Jun 2024
- 2024ECC Analyzer: Extract Trading Signal from Earnings Conference Calls using Large Language Model for Stock Performance Prediction29 Apr 2024
- 2023emotion2vec: Self-Supervised Pre-Training for Speech Emotion Representation23 Dec 2023
- 2023Modularity in Deep Learning: A Survey2 Oct 2023
- 2023A Comparative Study of Pre-trained Speech and Audio Embeddings for Speech Emotion Recognition22 Apr 2023
- 2022Low-Resource Music Genre Classification with Cross-Modal Neural Model Reprogramming2 Nov 2022
12 newest of 14 All 14 (JSON)