mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

S2R-DepthNet: Learning a Generalizable Depth-specific Structural Representation

arXiv 2104.00877 ↗First posted 2 Apr 2021cs.CVcited by 23

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Abstract (arXiv)

Human can infer the 3D geometry of a scene from a sketch instead of a realistic image, which indicates that the spatial structure plays a fundamental role in understanding the depth of scenes. We are the first to explore the learning of a depth-specific structural representation, which captures the essential feature for depth estimation and ignores irrelevant style information. Our S2R-DepthNet (Synthetic to Real DepthNet) can be well generalized to unseen real-world data directly even though it is only trained on synthetic data. S2R-DepthNet consists of: a) a Structure Extraction (STE) module which extracts a domaininvariant structural representation from an image by disentangling the image into domain-invariant structure and domain-specific style components, b) a Depth-specific Attention (DSA) module, which learns task-specific knowledge to suppress depth-irrelevant structures for better depth estimation and generalization, and c) a depth prediction module (DP) to predict depth from the depth-specific representation. Without access of any real-world images, our method even outperforms the state-of-the-art unsupervised domain adaptation methods which use real-world images of the target domain for training. In addition, when using a small amount of labeled real-world data, we achieve the state-ofthe-art performance under the semi-supervised setting. The code and trained models are available at https://github.com/microsoft/S2R-DepthNet.

Key facts. Cited by 23 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 48 of its 60 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 2 Apr 2021.

Builds on

48 of 60 references.

References · 48

  1. 2016Image-to-Image Translation with Conditional Adversarial Networkscited by 4,510
  2. 2019nuScenes: A multimodal dataset for autonomous drivingcited by 4,485
  3. 2016The Cityscapes Dataset for Semantic Urban Scene Understandingcited by 4,427
  4. 2017Arbitrary Style Transfer in Real-time with Adaptive Instance Normalizationcited by 1,998
  5. 2014Unsupervised Domain Adaptation by Backpropagationcited by 1,906
  6. 2014Depth Map Prediction from a Single Image using a Multi-Scale Deep Networkcited by 1,264
  7. 2016Unsupervised Monocular Depth Estimation with Left-Right Consistencycited by 819
  8. 2018Multimodal Unsupervised Image-to-Image Translationcited by 795
  9. 2018MVSNet: Depth Inference for Unstructured Multi-view Stereocited by 780
  10. 2017Unsupervised Learning of Depth and Ego-Motion from Videocited by 778
  11. 2018Deep Ordinal Regression Network for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 721
  12. 2017Maximum Classifier Discrepancy for Unsupervised Domain Adaptationcited by 682
36 more
  1. 2013Domain Generalization via Invariant Feature Representationcited by 622
  2. 2014Predicting Depth, Surface Normals and Semantic Labels with a Common Multi-Scale Convolutional Architecturecited by 483
  3. 2018Gibson Env: Real-World Perception for Embodied Agentscited by 477
  4. 2016Semantic Scene Completion from a Single Depth Imagecited by 468
  5. 2016Deeper Depth Prediction with Fully Convolutional Residual Networkscited by 402
  6. 2016Unsupervised CNN for Single View Depth Estimation: Geometry to the Rescuecited by 368
  7. 2018Two at Once: Enhancing Learning and Generalization Capacities via IBN-Netcited by 361
  8. 2018GeoNet: Unsupervised Learning of Dense Depth, Optical Flow and Camera Posecited by 341
  9. 2016Unsupervised Domain Adaptation with Residual Transfer Networkscited by 340
  10. 2016Virtual Worlds as Proxy for Multi-Object Tracking Analysiscited by 340
  11. 2017Dilated Residual Networkscited by 293
  12. 2018Generalizing Across Domains via Cross-Gradient Trainingcited by 268
  13. 2019What Do Single-view 3D Reconstruction Networks Learn?cited by 259
  14. 2019Enforcing geometric constraints of virtual normal for depth predictioncited by 233
  15. 2015Learning Depth from Single Monocular Images Using Deep Convolutional Neural Fieldscited by 169
  16. 2018Revisiting Single Image Depth Estimation: Toward Higher Resolution Maps with Accurate Object Boundariescited by 144
  17. 2020Style Normalization and Restitution for Generalizable Person Re-identificationcited by 136
  18. 2018Improving Semantic Segmentation via Video Propagation and Label Relaxationcited by 134
  19. 2020Semantically-Guided Representation Learning for Self-Supervised Monocular Depthcited by 134
  20. 2019Self-supervised Learning with Geometric Constraints in Monocular Video: Connecting Flow, Depth, and Cameracited by 130
  21. 2019Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Hintscited by 127
  22. 2019DPSNet: End-to-end Deep Plane Sweep Stereocited by 115
  23. 2017Semi-Supervised Deep Learning for Monocular Depth Map Predictioncited by 109
  24. 2018Structured Attention Guided Convolutional Neural Fields for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 78
  25. 2017Multi-Scale Continuous CRFs as Sequential Deep Networks for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 70
  26. 2018T2Net: Synthetic-to-Realistic Translation for Solving Single-Image Depth Estimation Taskscited by 70
  27. 2019Geometry-Aware Symmetric Domain Adaptation for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 61
  28. 2018AdaDepth: Unsupervised Content Congruent Adaptation for Depth Estimationcited by 54
  29. 2019Structure-Aware Residual Pyramid Network for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 49
  30. 2020GeoNet++: Iterative Geometric Neural Network with Edge-Aware Refinement for Joint Depth and Surface Normal Estimationcited by 36
  31. 2019Moving Indoor: Unsupervised Video Depth Learning in Challenging Environmentscited by 31
  32. 2018Style and Content Disentanglement in Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 29
  33. 2019Unsupervised High-Resolution Depth Learning From Videos With Dual Networkscited by 26
  34. 2019Visualization of Convolutional Neural Networks for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 24
  35. 2019Generating and Exploiting Probabilistic Monocular Depth Estimatescited by 18
  36. 2020Domain Decluttering: Simplifying Images to Mitigate Synthetic-Real Domain Shift and Improve Depth Estimationcited by 17

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 7; 2023: 2; 2024: 5; 2025: 3; 2026: 1.

23 papers.

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  1. 2021Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation with Internal Feature Fusioncited by 67
  2. 2024Deep Learning-based Depth Estimation Methods from Monocular Image and Videos: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 15
  3. 2022Depth Completion using Geometry-Aware Embeddingcited by 12
  4. 2023G2-MonoDepth: A General Framework of Generalized Depth Inference from Monocular RGB+X Datacited by 12
  5. 2021A review on vision-based analysis for automatic dietary assessmentcited by 9
  6. 2022Mind The Edge: Refining Depth Edges in Sparsely-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 8
  7. 2021SUB-Depth: Self-distillation and Uncertainty Boosting Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 7
  8. 20223D-PL: Domain Adaptive Depth Estimation with 3D-aware Pseudo-Labelingcited by 6
  9. 2022BDIS: Bayesian Dense Inverse Searching Method for Real-Time Stereo Surgical Image Matchingcited by 4
  10. 2022Dense Depth Distillation with Out-of-Distribution Simulated Imagescited by 4
  11. 2021Bayesian dense inverse searching algorithm for real-time stereo matching in minimally invasive surgerycited by 3
  12. 2022Neural Contourlet Network for Monocular 360 Depth Estimationcited by 3
11 more
  1. 2022DeepMLE: A Robust Deep Maximum Likelihood Estimator for Two-view Structure from Motioncited by 3
  2. 2023Meta-Optimization for Higher Model Generalizability in Single-Image Depth Predictioncited by 3
  3. 2025Bridging Spectral-wise and Multi-spectral Depth Estimation via Geometry-guided Contrastive Learningcited by 3
  4. 2024FlowDepth: Decoupling Optical Flow for Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 2
  5. 2024ToDER: Towards Colonoscopy Depth Estimation and Reconstruction with Geometry Constraint Adaptationcited by 2
  6. 2024Consistency Regularisation for Unsupervised Domain Adaptation in Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 1
  7. 2024Boosting Generalizability towards Zero-Shot Cross-Dataset Single-Image Indoor Depth by Meta-Initializationcited by 1
  8. 2021Consistent Depth Prediction under Various Illuminations using Dilated Cross Attentioncited by 0
  9. 2025Dual-branch Graph Feature Learning for NLOS Imagingcited by 0
  10. 2025FreeDNA: Endowing Domain Adaptation of Diffusion-Based Dense Prediction with Training-Free Domain Noise Alignmentcited by 0
  11. 2026A Stereo Visual SLAM System Using Object-Level Motion Estimation and Geometric Filtering Based on Cross Disparitycited by 0