S2R-DepthNet: Learning a Generalizable Depth-specific Structural Representation
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Human can infer the 3D geometry of a scene from a sketch instead of a realistic image, which indicates that the spatial structure plays a fundamental role in understanding the depth of scenes. We are the first to explore the learning of a depth-specific structural representation, which captures the essential feature for depth estimation and ignores irrelevant style information. Our S2R-DepthNet (Synthetic to Real DepthNet) can be well generalized to unseen real-world data directly even though it is only trained on synthetic data. S2R-DepthNet consists of: a) a Structure Extraction (STE) module which extracts a domaininvariant structural representation from an image by disentangling the image into domain-invariant structure and domain-specific style components, b) a Depth-specific Attention (DSA) module, which learns task-specific knowledge to suppress depth-irrelevant structures for better depth estimation and generalization, and c) a depth prediction module (DP) to predict depth from the depth-specific representation. Without access of any real-world images, our method even outperforms the state-of-the-art unsupervised domain adaptation methods which use real-world images of the target domain for training. In addition, when using a small amount of labeled real-world data, we achieve the state-ofthe-art performance under the semi-supervised setting. The code and trained models are available at https://github.com/microsoft/S2R-DepthNet.
Key facts. Cited by 23 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 48 of its 60 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 2 Apr 2021.
Builds on
48 of 60 references.
References · 48
- 2016Image-to-Image Translation with Conditional Adversarial Networkscited by 4,510
- 2019nuScenes: A multimodal dataset for autonomous drivingcited by 4,485
- 2016The Cityscapes Dataset for Semantic Urban Scene Understandingcited by 4,427
- 2017Arbitrary Style Transfer in Real-time with Adaptive Instance Normalizationcited by 1,998
- 2014Unsupervised Domain Adaptation by Backpropagationcited by 1,906
- 2014Depth Map Prediction from a Single Image using a Multi-Scale Deep Networkcited by 1,264
- 2016Unsupervised Monocular Depth Estimation with Left-Right Consistencycited by 819
- 2018Multimodal Unsupervised Image-to-Image Translationcited by 795
- 2018MVSNet: Depth Inference for Unstructured Multi-view Stereocited by 780
- 2017Unsupervised Learning of Depth and Ego-Motion from Videocited by 778
- 2018Deep Ordinal Regression Network for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 721
- 2017Maximum Classifier Discrepancy for Unsupervised Domain Adaptationcited by 682
36 more
- 2013Domain Generalization via Invariant Feature Representationcited by 622
- 2014Predicting Depth, Surface Normals and Semantic Labels with a Common Multi-Scale Convolutional Architecturecited by 483
- 2018Gibson Env: Real-World Perception for Embodied Agentscited by 477
- 2016Semantic Scene Completion from a Single Depth Imagecited by 468
- 2016Deeper Depth Prediction with Fully Convolutional Residual Networkscited by 402
- 2016Unsupervised CNN for Single View Depth Estimation: Geometry to the Rescuecited by 368
- 2018Two at Once: Enhancing Learning and Generalization Capacities via IBN-Netcited by 361
- 2018GeoNet: Unsupervised Learning of Dense Depth, Optical Flow and Camera Posecited by 341
- 2016Unsupervised Domain Adaptation with Residual Transfer Networkscited by 340
- 2016Virtual Worlds as Proxy for Multi-Object Tracking Analysiscited by 340
- 2017Dilated Residual Networkscited by 293
- 2018Generalizing Across Domains via Cross-Gradient Trainingcited by 268
- 2019What Do Single-view 3D Reconstruction Networks Learn?cited by 259
- 2019Enforcing geometric constraints of virtual normal for depth predictioncited by 233
- 2015Learning Depth from Single Monocular Images Using Deep Convolutional Neural Fieldscited by 169
- 2018Revisiting Single Image Depth Estimation: Toward Higher Resolution Maps with Accurate Object Boundariescited by 144
- 2020Style Normalization and Restitution for Generalizable Person Re-identificationcited by 136
- 2018Improving Semantic Segmentation via Video Propagation and Label Relaxationcited by 134
- 2020Semantically-Guided Representation Learning for Self-Supervised Monocular Depthcited by 134
- 2019Self-supervised Learning with Geometric Constraints in Monocular Video: Connecting Flow, Depth, and Cameracited by 130
- 2019Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Hintscited by 127
- 2019DPSNet: End-to-end Deep Plane Sweep Stereocited by 115
- 2017Semi-Supervised Deep Learning for Monocular Depth Map Predictioncited by 109
- 2018Structured Attention Guided Convolutional Neural Fields for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 78
- 2017Multi-Scale Continuous CRFs as Sequential Deep Networks for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 70
- 2018T2Net: Synthetic-to-Realistic Translation for Solving Single-Image Depth Estimation Taskscited by 70
- 2019Geometry-Aware Symmetric Domain Adaptation for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 61
- 2018AdaDepth: Unsupervised Content Congruent Adaptation for Depth Estimationcited by 54
- 2019Structure-Aware Residual Pyramid Network for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 49
- 2020GeoNet++: Iterative Geometric Neural Network with Edge-Aware Refinement for Joint Depth and Surface Normal Estimationcited by 36
- 2019Moving Indoor: Unsupervised Video Depth Learning in Challenging Environmentscited by 31
- 2018Style and Content Disentanglement in Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 29
- 2019Unsupervised High-Resolution Depth Learning From Videos With Dual Networkscited by 26
- 2019Visualization of Convolutional Neural Networks for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 24
- 2019Generating and Exploiting Probabilistic Monocular Depth Estimatescited by 18
- 2020Domain Decluttering: Simplifying Images to Mitigate Synthetic-Real Domain Shift and Improve Depth Estimationcited by 17
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 7; 2023: 2; 2024: 5; 2025: 3; 2026: 1.
23 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2021Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation with Internal Feature Fusioncited by 67
- 2024Deep Learning-based Depth Estimation Methods from Monocular Image and Videos: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 15
- 2022Depth Completion using Geometry-Aware Embeddingcited by 12
- 2023G2-MonoDepth: A General Framework of Generalized Depth Inference from Monocular RGB+X Datacited by 12
- 2021A review on vision-based analysis for automatic dietary assessmentcited by 9
- 2022Mind The Edge: Refining Depth Edges in Sparsely-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 8
- 2021SUB-Depth: Self-distillation and Uncertainty Boosting Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 7
- 20223D-PL: Domain Adaptive Depth Estimation with 3D-aware Pseudo-Labelingcited by 6
- 2022BDIS: Bayesian Dense Inverse Searching Method for Real-Time Stereo Surgical Image Matchingcited by 4
- 2022Dense Depth Distillation with Out-of-Distribution Simulated Imagescited by 4
- 2021Bayesian dense inverse searching algorithm for real-time stereo matching in minimally invasive surgerycited by 3
- 2022Neural Contourlet Network for Monocular 360 Depth Estimationcited by 3
11 more
- 2022DeepMLE: A Robust Deep Maximum Likelihood Estimator for Two-view Structure from Motioncited by 3
- 2023Meta-Optimization for Higher Model Generalizability in Single-Image Depth Predictioncited by 3
- 2025Bridging Spectral-wise and Multi-spectral Depth Estimation via Geometry-guided Contrastive Learningcited by 3
- 2024FlowDepth: Decoupling Optical Flow for Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 2
- 2024ToDER: Towards Colonoscopy Depth Estimation and Reconstruction with Geometry Constraint Adaptationcited by 2
- 2024Consistency Regularisation for Unsupervised Domain Adaptation in Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 1
- 2024Boosting Generalizability towards Zero-Shot Cross-Dataset Single-Image Indoor Depth by Meta-Initializationcited by 1
- 2021Consistent Depth Prediction under Various Illuminations using Dilated Cross Attentioncited by 0
- 2025Dual-branch Graph Feature Learning for NLOS Imagingcited by 0
- 2025FreeDNA: Endowing Domain Adaptation of Diffusion-Based Dense Prediction with Training-Free Domain Noise Alignmentcited by 0
- 2026A Stereo Visual SLAM System Using Object-Level Motion Estimation and Geometric Filtering Based on Cross Disparitycited by 0
- 2026A Stereo Visual SLAM System Using Object-Level Motion Estimation and Geometric Filtering Based on Cross Disparity2 Jul 2026
- 2025FreeDNA: Endowing Domain Adaptation of Diffusion-Based Dense Prediction with Training-Free Domain Noise Alignment26 Jun 2025
- 2025Bridging Spectral-wise and Multi-spectral Depth Estimation via Geometry-guided Contrastive Learning2 Mar 2025
- 2025Dual-branch Graph Feature Learning for NLOS Imaging27 Feb 2025
- 2024Boosting Generalizability towards Zero-Shot Cross-Dataset Single-Image Indoor Depth by Meta-Initialization4 Sep 2024
- 2024ToDER: Towards Colonoscopy Depth Estimation and Reconstruction with Geometry Constraint Adaptation23 Jul 2024
- 2024Deep Learning-based Depth Estimation Methods from Monocular Image and Videos: A Comprehensive Survey28 Jun 2024
- 2024Consistency Regularisation for Unsupervised Domain Adaptation in Monocular Depth Estimation27 May 2024
- 2024FlowDepth: Decoupling Optical Flow for Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation28 Mar 2024
- 2023G2-MonoDepth: A General Framework of Generalized Depth Inference from Monocular RGB+X Data24 Oct 2023
- 2023Meta-Optimization for Higher Model Generalizability in Single-Image Depth Prediction12 May 2023
- 2022Mind The Edge: Refining Depth Edges in Sparsely-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation10 Dec 2022
11 more
- 2022DeepMLE: A Robust Deep Maximum Likelihood Estimator for Two-view Structure from Motion11 Oct 2022
- 20223D-PL: Domain Adaptive Depth Estimation with 3D-aware Pseudo-Labeling19 Sep 2022
- 2022Dense Depth Distillation with Out-of-Distribution Simulated Images26 Aug 2022
- 2022Neural Contourlet Network for Monocular 360 Depth Estimation3 Aug 2022
- 2022BDIS: Bayesian Dense Inverse Searching Method for Real-Time Stereo Surgical Image Matching6 May 2022
- 2022Depth Completion using Geometry-Aware Embedding21 Mar 2022
- 2021Consistent Depth Prediction under Various Illuminations using Dilated Cross Attention15 Dec 2021
- 2021SUB-Depth: Self-distillation and Uncertainty Boosting Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimation18 Nov 2021
- 2021Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation with Internal Feature Fusion18 Oct 2021
- 2021A review on vision-based analysis for automatic dietary assessment6 Aug 2021
- 2021Bayesian dense inverse searching algorithm for real-time stereo matching in minimally invasive surgery14 Jun 2021
- 2021Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation with Internal Feature Fusioncited by 67
- 2024Deep Learning-based Depth Estimation Methods from Monocular Image and Videos: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 15
- 2022Depth Completion using Geometry-Aware Embeddingcited by 12
- 2023G2-MonoDepth: A General Framework of Generalized Depth Inference from Monocular RGB+X Datacited by 12
- 2021A review on vision-based analysis for automatic dietary assessmentcited by 9
- 2022Mind The Edge: Refining Depth Edges in Sparsely-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 8
- 2021SUB-Depth: Self-distillation and Uncertainty Boosting Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 7
- 20223D-PL: Domain Adaptive Depth Estimation with 3D-aware Pseudo-Labelingcited by 6
- 2022BDIS: Bayesian Dense Inverse Searching Method for Real-Time Stereo Surgical Image Matchingcited by 4
- 2022Dense Depth Distillation with Out-of-Distribution Simulated Imagescited by 4
- 2021Bayesian dense inverse searching algorithm for real-time stereo matching in minimally invasive surgerycited by 3
- 2022Neural Contourlet Network for Monocular 360 Depth Estimationcited by 3
12 most cited of 22 All 22 (JSON)
- 2026A Stereo Visual SLAM System Using Object-Level Motion Estimation and Geometric Filtering Based on Cross Disparity2 Jul 2026
- 2025Bridging Spectral-wise and Multi-spectral Depth Estimation via Geometry-guided Contrastive Learning2 Mar 2025
- 2025Dual-branch Graph Feature Learning for NLOS Imaging27 Feb 2025
- 2024Boosting Generalizability towards Zero-Shot Cross-Dataset Single-Image Indoor Depth by Meta-Initialization4 Sep 2024
- 2024ToDER: Towards Colonoscopy Depth Estimation and Reconstruction with Geometry Constraint Adaptation23 Jul 2024
- 2024Deep Learning-based Depth Estimation Methods from Monocular Image and Videos: A Comprehensive Survey28 Jun 2024
- 2024Consistency Regularisation for Unsupervised Domain Adaptation in Monocular Depth Estimation27 May 2024
- 2024FlowDepth: Decoupling Optical Flow for Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation28 Mar 2024
- 2023G2-MonoDepth: A General Framework of Generalized Depth Inference from Monocular RGB+X Data24 Oct 2023
- 2023Meta-Optimization for Higher Model Generalizability in Single-Image Depth Prediction12 May 2023
- 2022Mind The Edge: Refining Depth Edges in Sparsely-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation10 Dec 2022
- 2022DeepMLE: A Robust Deep Maximum Likelihood Estimator for Two-view Structure from Motion11 Oct 2022
12 newest of 22 All 22 (JSON)