mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Panoptic-PolarNet: Proposal-free LiDAR Point Cloud Panoptic Segmentation

arXiv 2103.14962 ↗First posted 27 Mar 2021cs.CVcited by 107

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Abstract (arXiv)

Panoptic segmentation presents a new challenge in exploiting the merits of both detection and segmentation, with the aim of unifying instance segmentation and semantic segmentation in a single framework. However, an efficient solution for panoptic segmentation in the emerging domain of LiDAR point cloud is still an open research problem and is very much under-explored. In this paper, we present a fast and robust LiDAR point cloud panoptic segmentation framework, referred to as Panoptic-PolarNet. We learn both semantic segmentation and class-agnostic instance clustering in a single inference network using a polar Bird's Eye View (BEV) representation, enabling us to circumvent the issue of occlusion among instances in urban street scenes. To improve our network's learnability, we also propose an adapted instance augmentation technique and a novel adversarial point cloud pruning method. Our experiments show that Panoptic-PolarNet outperforms the baseline methods on SemanticKITTI and nuScenes datasets with an almost real-time inference speed. Panoptic-PolarNet achieved 54.1% PQ in the public SemanticKITTI panoptic segmentation leaderboard and leading performance for the validation set of nuScenes.

Key facts. Cited by 107 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 51 of its 62 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 27 Mar 2021.

Builds on

51 of 62 references.

References · 51

  1. 2015U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentationcited by 19,713
  2. 2017Mask R-CNNcited by 7,277
  3. 2016PointNet: Deep Learning on Point Sets for 3D Classification and Segmentationcited by 5,248
  4. 2014Fully Convolutional Networks for Semantic Segmentationcited by 4,859
  5. 2019nuScenes: A multimodal dataset for autonomous drivingcited by 4,523
  6. 2017PointNet++: Deep Hierarchical Feature Learning on Point Sets in a Metric Spacecited by 4,401
  7. 2019Scalability in Perception for Autonomous Driving: Waymo Open Datasetcited by 2,451
  8. 2018PointPillars: Fast Encoders for Object Detection from Point Cloudscited by 1,715
  9. 2020YOLOv4: Optimal Speed and Accuracy of Object Detectioncited by 1,630
  10. 2017VoxelNet: End-to-End Learning for Point Cloud Based 3D Object Detectioncited by 1,323
  11. 2019KPConv: Flexible and Deformable Convolution for Point Cloudscited by 1,205
  12. 2020Center-based 3D Object Detection and Trackingcited by 1,144
38 more
  1. 2018PointRCNN: 3D Object Proposal Generation and Detection from Point Cloudcited by 941
  2. 2019PV-RCNN: Point-Voxel Feature Set Abstraction for 3D Object Detectioncited by 891
  3. 2018Panoptic Segmentationcited by 802
  4. 2019Deep Hough Voting for 3D Object Detection in Point Cloudscited by 648
  5. 2017Frustum PointNets for 3D Object Detection from RGB-D Datacited by 640
  6. 2019RandLA-Net: Efficient Semantic Segmentation of Large-Scale Point Cloudscited by 585
  7. 2019Importance Estimation for Neural Network Pruningcited by 541
  8. 2018Pseudo-LiDAR from Visual Depth Estimation: Bridging the Gap in 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Drivingcited by 457
  9. 2020Searching Efficient 3D Architectures with Sparse Point-Voxel Convolutioncited by 423
  10. 2019Panoptic-DeepLabcited by 363
  11. 2019PIXOR: Real-time 3D Object Detection from Point Cloudscited by 358
  12. 2019Class-balanced Grouping and Sampling for Point Cloud 3D Object Detectioncited by 350
  13. 2020PolarNet: An Improved Grid Representation for Online LiDAR Point Clouds Semantic Segmentationcited by 275
  14. 2018DropBlock: A regularization method for convolutional networkscited by 262
  15. 2017SqueezeSeg: Convolutional Neural Nets with Recurrent CRF for Real-Time Road-Object Segmentation from 3D LiDAR Point Cloudcited by 232
  16. 2018SqueezeSegV2: Improved Model Structure and Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Road-Object Segmentation from a LiDAR Point Cloudcited by 228
  17. 2020SalsaNext: Fast, Uncertainty-aware Semantic Segmentation of LiDAR Point Clouds for Autonomous Drivingcited by 226
  18. 2020A2D2: Audi Autonomous Driving Datasetcited by 190
  19. 2019UPSNet: A Unified Panoptic Segmentation Networkcited by 175
  20. 2019End-to-End Multi-View Fusion for 3D Object Detection in LiDAR Point Cloudscited by 171
  21. 2017Semantic Instance Segmentation with a Discriminative Loss Functioncited by 118
  22. 2019Seamless Scene Segmentationcited by 112
  23. 2020EfficientPS: Efficient Panoptic Segmentationcited by 111
  24. 2019Associatively Segmenting Instances and Semantics in Point Cloudscited by 86
  25. 2019SSAP: Single-Shot Instance Segmentation With Affinity Pyramidcited by 85
  26. 20193D Instance Segmentation via Multi-Task Metric Learningcited by 80
  27. 2018Attention-guided Unified Network for Panoptic Segmentationcited by 71
  28. 2019What You See is What You Get: Exploiting Visibility for 3D Object Detectioncited by 69
  29. 2019DeeperLab: Single-Shot Image Parsercited by 63
  30. 2019JSIS3D: Joint Semantic-Instance Segmentation of 3D Point Clouds with Multi-Task Pointwise Networks and Multi-Value Conditional Random Fieldscited by 62
  31. 2020MOPT: Multi-Object Panoptic Trackingcited by 53
  32. 2020KPRNet: Improving projection-based LiDAR semantic segmentationcited by 47
  33. 2019An End-to-End Network for Panoptic Segmentationcited by 46
  34. 2020Panoster: End-to-end Panoptic Segmentation of LiDAR Point Cloudscited by 46
  35. 2020A Benchmark for LiDAR-based Panoptic Segmentation based on KITTIcited by 40
  36. 2020Bidirectional Graph Reasoning Network for Panoptic Segmentationcited by 26
  37. 2020BANet: Bidirectional Aggregation Network with Occlusion Handling for Panoptic Segmentationcited by 25
  38. 2020Quantifying Data Augmentation for LiDAR based 3D Object Detectioncited by 18

50 most cited of 51 All 51 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 7; 2022: 16; 2023: 29; 2024: 25; 2025: 22; 2026: 8.

107 papers.

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  1. 2022Panoptic Lifting for 3D Scene Understanding with Neural Fieldscited by 174
  2. 2021Panoptic nuScenes: A Large-Scale Benchmark for LiDAR Panoptic Segmentation and Trackingcited by 166
  3. 2023Rethinking Range View Representation for LiDAR Segmentationcited by 128
  4. 2023Segment Any Point Cloud Sequences by Distilling Vision Foundation Modelscited by 125
  5. 2023Transformer-Based Visual Segmentation: A Surveycited by 124
  6. 2023PanoOcc: Unified Occupancy Representation for Camera-based 3D Panoptic Segmentationcited by 115
  7. 2022CenterFormer: Center-based Transformer for 3D Object Detectioncited by 99
  8. 2024OccSora: 4D Occupancy Generation Models as World Simulators for Autonomous Drivingcited by 78
  9. 2023SSCBench: A Large-Scale 3D Semantic Scene Completion Benchmark for Autonomous Drivingcited by 75
  10. 2022LidarMultiNet: Towards a Unified Multi-Task Network for LiDAR Perceptioncited by 74
  11. 2023MSeg3D: Multi-modal 3D Semantic Segmentation for Autonomous Drivingcited by 68
  12. 2022Panoptic-PHNet: Towards Real-Time and High-Precision LiDAR Panoptic Segmentation via Clustering Pseudo Heatmapcited by 59
38 more
  1. 2023UniSeg: A Unified Multi-Modal LiDAR Segmentation Network and the OpenPCSeg Codebasecited by 57
  2. 2024Multi-Modal Data-Efficient 3D Scene Understanding for Autonomous Drivingcited by 54
  3. 2023FRNet: Frustum-Range Networks for Scalable LiDAR Segmentationcited by 50
  4. 2024Better Call SAL: Towards Learning to Segment Anything in Lidarcited by 47
  5. 20224D-StOP: Panoptic Segmentation of 4D LiDAR using Spatio-temporal Object Proposal Generation and Aggregationcited by 35
  6. 2024SegPoint: Segment Any Point Cloud via Large Language Modelcited by 35
  7. 20244D Contrastive Superflows are Dense 3D Representation Learnerscited by 33
  8. 2025Rethinking End-to-End 2D to 3D Scene Segmentation in Gaussian Splattingcited by 31
  9. 2023SSC-RS: Elevate LiDAR Semantic Scene Completion with Representation Separation and BEV Fusioncited by 30
  10. 2024Is Your LiDAR Placement Optimized for 3D Scene Understanding?cited by 26
  11. 2024Multi-Space Alignments Towards Universal LiDAR Segmentationcited by 25
  12. 2023Advancements in Point Cloud Data Augmentation for Deep Learning: A Surveycited by 24
  13. 2023Mask4Former: Mask Transformer for 4D Panoptic Segmentationcited by 24
  14. 2022Sparse Cross-scale Attention Network for Efficient LiDAR Panoptic Segmentationcited by 22
  15. 20234D Panoptic Segmentation as Invariant and Equivariant Field Predictioncited by 19
  16. 2025LiMoE: Mixture of LiDAR Representation Learners from Automotive Scenescited by 19
  17. 2021PolarStream: Streaming Lidar Object Detection and Segmentation with Polar Pillarscited by 18
  18. 2021Panoptic Segmentation: A Reviewcited by 18
  19. 2023LiDAR-Camera Panoptic Segmentation via Geometry-Consistent and Semantic-Aware Alignmentcited by 18
  20. 2022Uncertainty-aware Panoptic Segmentationcited by 17
  21. 2023Position-Guided Point Cloud Panoptic Segmentation Transformercited by 17
  22. 2024PLGS: Robust Panoptic Lifting with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 17
  23. 2023PUPS: Point Cloud Unified Panoptic Segmentationcited by 16
  24. 2024PCF-Lift: Panoptic Lifting by Probabilistic Contrastive Fusioncited by 16
  25. 2025PanoGS: Gaussian-based Panoptic Segmentation for 3D Open Vocabulary Scene Understandingcited by 16
  26. 2022MaskRange: A Mask-classification Model for Range-view based LiDAR Segmentationcited by 15
  27. 2022Scalable SoftGroup for 3D Instance Segmentation on Point Cloudscited by 15
  28. 2021CPSeg: Cluster-free Panoptic Segmentation of 3D LiDAR Point Cloudscited by 14
  29. 2022Online Segmentation of LiDAR Sequences: Dataset and Algorithmcited by 14
  30. 20224DenoiseNet: Adverse Weather Denoising from Adjacent Point Cloudscited by 14
  31. 2023MemorySeg: Online LiDAR Semantic Segmentation with a Latent Memorycited by 14
  32. 2024Scalable 3D Panoptic Segmentation As Superpoint Graph Clusteringcited by 14
  33. 20243D Open-Vocabulary Panoptic Segmentation with 2D-3D Vision-Language Distillationcited by 13
  34. 20234D-Former: Multimodal 4D Panoptic Segmentationcited by 12
  35. 2025LargeAD: Large-Scale Cross-Sensor Data Pretraining for Autonomous Drivingcited by 12
  36. 2021SMAC-Seg: LiDAR Panoptic Segmentation via Sparse Multi-directional Attention Clusteringcited by 11
  37. 2022LiDAR-based 4D Panoptic Segmentation via Dynamic Shifting Networkcited by 11
  38. 2024Symbol as Points: Panoptic Symbol Spotting via Point-based Representationcited by 11

50 most cited of 107 All 107 (JSON)