mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Real-World Single Image Super-Resolution: A Brief Review

arXiv 2103.02368 ↗First posted 3 Mar 2021eess.IV cs.CVcited by 65

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

Single image super-resolution (SISR), which aims to reconstruct a high-resolution (HR) image from a low-resolution (LR) observation, has been an active research topic in the area of image processing in recent decades. Particularly, deep learning-based super-resolution (SR) approaches have drawn much attention and have greatly improved the reconstruction performance on synthetic data. Recent studies show that simulation results on synthetic data usually overestimate the capacity to super-resolve real-world images. In this context, more and more researchers devote themselves to develop SR approaches for realistic images. This article aims to make a comprehensive review on real-world single image super-resolution (RSISR). More specifically, this review covers the critical publically available datasets and assessment metrics for RSISR, and four major categories of RSISR methods, namely the degradation modeling-based RSISR, image pairs-based RSISR, domain translation-based RSISR, and self-learning-based RSISR. Comparisons are also made among representative RSISR methods on benchmark datasets, in terms of both reconstruction quality and computational efficiency. Besides, we discuss challenges and promising research topics on RSISR.

Key facts. Cited by 65 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 60 of its 159 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 3 Mar 2021.

Builds on

60 of 159 references.

References · 60

  1. 2014Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognitioncited by 15,267
  2. 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,029
  3. 2017Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning for Fast Adaptation of Deep Networkscited by 4,861
  4. 2016Photo-Realistic Single Image Super-Resolution Using a Generative Adversarial Networkcited by 1,898
  5. 2017Enhanced Deep Residual Networks for Single Image Super-Resolutioncited by 1,543
  6. 2018Image Super-Resolution Using Very Deep Residual Channel Attention Networkscited by 1,256
  7. 2018ESRGAN: Enhanced Super-Resolution Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 1,250
  8. 2014Image Super-Resolution Using Deep Convolutional Networkscited by 1,218
  9. 2015Accurate Image Super-Resolution Using Very Deep Convolutional Networkscited by 902
  10. 2018Residual Dense Network for Image Super-Resolutioncited by 796
  11. 2019Toward Real-World Single Image Super-Resolution: A New Benchmark and A New Modelcited by 400
  12. 2019Deep Learning for Image Super-resolution: A Surveycited by 368
38 more
  1. 2017"Zero-Shot" Super-Resolution using Deep Internal Learningcited by 285
  2. 2020Component Divide-and-Conquer for Real-World Image Super-Resolutioncited by 243
  3. 2019Depth-Aware Video Frame Interpolationcited by 232
  4. 2018TDAN: Temporally Deformable Alignment Network for Video Super-Resolutioncited by 225
  5. 2018Deep Back-Projection Networks For Super-Resolutioncited by 224
  6. 2017Video Frame Interpolation via Adaptive Separable Convolutioncited by 211
  7. 2019Blind Super-Resolution With Iterative Kernel Correctioncited by 203
  8. 2019Blind Super-Resolution Kernel Estimation using an Internal-GANcited by 175
  9. 2018Deep Learning for Single Image Super-Resolution: A Brief Reviewcited by 158
  10. 2016Real-Time Video Super-Resolution with Spatio-Temporal Networks and Motion Compensationcited by 156
  11. 2018Context-aware Synthesis for Video Frame Interpolationcited by 153
  12. 2019Recurrent Back-Projection Network for Video Super-Resolutioncited by 147
  13. 2016Learning a No-Reference Quality Metric for Single-Image Super-Resolutioncited by 143
  14. 2017Fast and Accurate Image Super-Resolution with Deep Laplacian Pyramid Networkscited by 138
  15. 2018The Contextual Loss for Image Transformation with Non-Aligned Datacited by 135
  16. 2018Unsupervised Image Super-Resolution using Cycle-in-Cycle Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 133
  17. 2020Unfolding the Alternating Optimization for Blind Super Resolutioncited by 129
  18. 2020Meta-Transfer Learning for Zero-Shot Super-Resolutioncited by 116
  19. 2019Frequency Separation for Real-World Super-Resolutioncited by 115
  20. 2019Zoom To Learn, Learn To Zoomcited by 114
  21. 2018MEMC-Net: Motion Estimation and Motion Compensation Driven Neural Network for Video Interpolation and Enhancementcited by 111
  22. 2018To learn image super-resolution, use a GAN to learn how to do image degradation firstcited by 94
  23. 2020Closed-loop Matters: Dual Regression Networks for Single Image Super-Resolutioncited by 90
  24. 2019A Deep Journey into Super-resolution: A surveycited by 86
  25. 2020NTIRE 2020 Challenge on Real-World Image Super-Resolution: Methods and Resultscited by 83
  26. 2018CT Super-resolution GAN Constrained by the Identical, Residual, and Cycle Learning Ensemble(GAN-CIRCLE)cited by 81
  27. 2020Unpaired Image Super-Resolution using Pseudo-Supervisioncited by 67
  28. 2019Unsupervised Learning for Real-World Super-Resolutioncited by 64
  29. 2020Scene Text Image Super-Resolution in the Wildcited by 62
  30. 2019Camera Lens Super-Resolutioncited by 56
  31. 2020Video Super Resolution Based on Deep Learning: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 54
  32. 2018Task-Driven Super Resolution: Object Detection in Low-resolution Imagescited by 52
  33. 2020Fast Adaptation to Super-Resolution Networks via Meta-Learningcited by 46
  34. 2019Towards Real Scene Super-Resolution with Raw Imagescited by 44
  35. 2016Studying Very Low Resolution Recognition Using Deep Networkscited by 36
  36. 2019AIM 2019 Challenge on Real-World Image Super-Resolution: Methods and Resultscited by 34
  37. 2018Generative Adversarial Networks and Perceptual Losses for Video Super-Resolutioncited by 30
  38. 2015Is Image Super-resolution Helpful for Other Vision Tasks?cited by 22

50 most cited of 60 All 60 (JSON)

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 10; 2023: 12; 2024: 21; 2025: 10; 2026: 8.

65 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2024A Survey on All-in-One Image Restoration: Taxonomy, Evaluation and Future Trendscited by 58
  2. 2024Towards Realistic Data Generation for Real-World Super-Resolutioncited by 56
  3. 2021Text Prior Guided Scene Text Image Super-resolutioncited by 37
  4. 2024Efficient Real-world Image Super-Resolution Via Adaptive Directional Gradient Convolutioncited by 36
  5. 2023Physics-Informed Computer Vision: A Review and Perspectivescited by 28
  6. 2024Unveiling Hidden Details: A RAW Data-Enhanced Paradigm for Real-World Super-Resolutioncited by 25
  7. 2024SuperGaussian: Repurposing Video Models for 3D Super Resolutioncited by 22
  8. 2021A Systematic Survey of Deep Learning-based Single-Image Super-Resolutioncited by 19
  9. 2022MuS2: A Real-World Benchmark for Sentinel-2 Multi-Image Super-Resolutioncited by 13
  10. 2025DSPO: Direct Semantic Preference Optimization for Real-World Image Super-Resolutioncited by 13
  11. 2025Text2CT: Towards 3D CT Volume Generation from Free-text Descriptions Using Diffusion Modelcited by 13
  12. 2023Extremal Domain Translation with Neural Optimal Transportcited by 12
38 more
  1. 2024S3Mamba: Arbitrary-Scale Super-Resolution via Scaleable State Space Modelcited by 12
  2. 2022Infrared Image Super-Resolution: Systematic Review, and Future Trendscited by 10
  3. 2021Impact of deep learning-based image super-resolution on binary signal detectioncited by 9
  4. 2022Generative Adversarial Super-Resolution at the Edge with Knowledge Distillationcited by 9
  5. 2023Multitemporal and multispectral data fusion for super-resolution of Sentinel-2 imagescited by 9
  6. 2022Downscaled Representation Matters: Improving Image Rescaling with Collaborative Downscaled Imagescited by 8
  7. 2024Image Super-resolution Inspired Electron Density Predictioncited by 8
  8. 2024Swin2-MoSE: A New Single Image Super-Resolution Model for Remote Sensingcited by 7
  9. 2025MRI Super-Resolution with Deep Learning: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 7
  10. 2023Learning Many-to-Many Mapping for Unpaired Real-World Image Super-resolution and Downscalingcited by 6
  11. 2023Ultra-Range Gesture Recognition using a Web-Camera in Human-Robot Interactioncited by 6
  12. 2026Training-Free Model Ensemble for Single-Image Super-Resolution via Strong-Branch Compensationcited by 6
  13. 2023Quantum Annealing for Single Image Super-Resolutioncited by 5
  14. 2025A Survey of Deep Learning Video Super-Resolutioncited by 5
  15. 2026Beyond Model Design: Data-Centric Training and Self-Ensemble for Gaussian Color Image Denoisingcited by 5
  16. 2022Rethinking Degradation: Radiograph Super-Resolution via AID-SRGANcited by 4
  17. 2022Video super-resolution for single-photon LIDARcited by 3
  18. 2023MetaF2N: Blind Image Super-Resolution by Learning Efficient Model Adaptation from Facescited by 3
  19. 2024No-Clean-Reference Image Super-Resolution: Application to Electron Microscopycited by 3
  20. 2024Learning Position-Aware Implicit Neural Network for Real-World Face Inpaintingcited by 3
  21. 2024Adaptive Semantic-Enhanced Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Model for Remote Sensing Image Super-Resolutioncited by 2
  22. 2024EarthGen: Generating the World from Top-Down Viewscited by 2
  23. 2024A Modular Conditional Diffusion Framework for Image Reconstructioncited by 2
  24. 2022Real-World Single Image Super-Resolution Under Rainy Conditioncited by 1
  25. 2023CMISR: Circular Medical Image Super-Resolutioncited by 1
  26. 2023Self-Supervised Super-Resolution Approach for Isotropic Reconstruction of 3D Electron Microscopy Images from Anisotropic Acquisitioncited by 1
  27. 2024City Scene Super-Resolution via Geometric Error Minimizationcited by 1
  28. 2024Self-STORM: Deep Unrolled Self-Supervised Learning for Super-Resolution Microscopycited by 1
  29. 2024DCAE-SR: Design of a Denoising Convolutional Autoencoder for reconstructing Electrocardiograms signals at Super Resolutioncited by 1
  30. 2024SR-CACO-2: A Dataset for Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy Image Super-Resolutioncited by 1
  31. 2024Task-driven single-image super-resolution reconstruction of document scanscited by 1
  32. 2024Enhanced Super-Resolution Training via Mimicked Alignment for Real-World Scenescited by 1
  33. 2024Test-time Cost-and-Quality Controllable Arbitrary-Scale Super-Resolution with Variable Fourier Componentscited by 1
  34. 2025Deep Learning Empowered Super-Resolution: A Comprehensive Survey and Future Prospectscited by 1
  35. 2026Self-Supervised Image Super-Resolution Quality Assessment based on Content-Free Multi-Model Oriented Representation Learningcited by 1
  36. 2021Kernel Adversarial Learning for Real-world Image Super-resolutioncited by 0
  37. 2022Improving trajectory calculations using deep learning inspired single image superresolutioncited by 0
  38. 2022Transferring learned patterns from ground-based field imagery to predict UAV-based imagery for crop and weed semantic segmentation in precision crop farmingcited by 0

50 most cited of 65 All 65 (JSON)