P2-Net: Joint Description and Detection of Local Features for Pixel and Point Matching
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Abstract (arXiv)
Accurately describing and detecting 2D and 3D keypoints is crucial to establishing correspondences across images and point clouds. Despite a plethora of learning-based 2D or 3D local feature descriptors and detectors having been proposed, the derivation of a shared descriptor and joint keypoint detector that directly matches pixels and points remains under-explored by the community. This work takes the initiative to establish fine-grained correspondences between 2D images and 3D point clouds. In order to directly match pixels and points, a dual fully convolutional framework is presented that maps 2D and 3D inputs into a shared latent representation space to simultaneously describe and detect keypoints. Furthermore, an ultra-wide reception mechanism in combination with a novel loss function are designed to mitigate the intrinsic information variations between pixel and point local regions. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that our framework shows competitive performance in fine-grained matching between images and point clouds and achieves state-of-the-art results for the task of indoor visual localization. Our source code will be available at [no-name-for-blind-review].
Key facts. Cited by 42 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 43 of its 61 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 1 Mar 2021.
Builds on
43 of 61 references.
References · 43
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31 more
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- 2018The Perfect Match: 3D Point Cloud Matching with Smoothed Densitiescited by 169
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 2; 2023: 10; 2024: 7; 2025: 9; 2026: 13.
42 papers.
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- 20233DAxiesPrompts: Unleashing the 3D Spatial Task Capabilities of GPT-4Vcited by 15
- 2024CMRNext: Camera to LiDAR Matching in the Wild for Localization and Extrinsic Calibrationcited by 15
- 20243DGS-ReLoc: 3D Gaussian Splatting for Map Representation and Visual ReLocalizationcited by 15
- 2023Deep Learning for Visual Localization and Mapping: A Surveycited by 14
- 2025Bridge 2D-3D: Uncertainty-aware Hierarchical Registration Network with Domain Alignmentcited by 14
- 2023CoFiI2P: Coarse-to-Fine Correspondences for Image-to-Point Cloud Registrationcited by 12
- 2023E2PNet: Event to Point Cloud Registration with Spatio-Temporal Representation Learningcited by 11
- 2023End-to-end 2D-3D Registration between Image and LiDAR Point Cloud for Vehicle Localizationcited by 9
30 more
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- 2025CA-I2P: Channel-Adaptive Registration Network with Global Optimal Selectioncited by 8
- 2025Diff2I2P: Differentiable Image-to-Point Cloud Registration with Diffusion Priorcited by 8
- 2026LoMa: Local Feature Matching Revisitedcited by 7
- 2025Adaptive Agent Selection and Interaction Network for Image-to-point cloud Registrationcited by 6
- 2022Contrastive Learning of Features between Images and LiDARcited by 5
- 2022PointCMC: Cross-Modal Multi-Scale Correspondences Learning for Point Cloud Understandingcited by 5
- 2024ModaLink: Unifying Modalities for Efficient Image-to-PointCloud Place Recognitioncited by 5
- 2021Digging Into Self-Supervised Learning of Feature Descriptorscited by 3
- 2024Diff-Reg v1: Diffusion Matching Model for Registration Problemcited by 3
- 2025EdgeRegNet: Edge Feature-based Multimodal Registration Network between Images and LiDAR Point Cloudscited by 3
- 2024EEPNet: Efficient Edge Pixel-based Matching Network for Cross-Modal Dynamic Registration between LiDAR and Cameracited by 1
- 2025Self-Supervised Cross-Modal Learning for Image-to-Point Cloud Registrationcited by 1
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- 2023Single-Shot Global Localization via Graph-Theoretic Correspondence Matchingcited by 0
- 2024TFCT-I2P: Three stream fusion network with color aware transformer for image-to-point cloud registrationcited by 0
- 2025EEPNet-V2: Patch-to-Pixel Solution for Efficient Cross-Modal Registration between LiDAR Point Cloud and Camera Imagecited by 0
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- 2026No Calibration, No Depth, No Problem: Cross-Sensor View Synthesis with 3D Consistencycited by 0
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- 2026OCA: ODE-Driven Cross-Attention for Image-to-Point-Cloud Registration29 Sep 2026
- 2026GRIP: Gaussian Rendering as a Cross-Modal Bridge for Image-to-Point Cloud Registration22 Sep 2026
- 2026Mask 2D-3D: Adaptive Dual-Masked Autoencoder Network for Image-to-Point Cloud Registration16 Sep 2026
- 2026DRS-VPT: Directly Relocalizing in a Scan with Vision Point Transformers11 Sep 2026
- 2026RoMa-Omega: What Feed-Forward 3D Models Know About Image Matching8 Sep 2026
- 2026Ex-Sim(3)-Reg: 2D-3D Correspondence Pruning via Extended Sim(3) Registration28 Aug 2026
- 2026Cross-Coordinate Correspondence Pruning for Image-to-Point Cloud Registration19 Jul 2026
- 2026FS-I2P:A Hierarchical Focus-Sweep Registration Network with Dynamically Allocated Depth8 May 2026
- 2026Angle-I2P: Angle-Consistent-Aware Hierarchical Attention for Cross-Modality Outlier Rejection6 May 2026
- 2026LoMa: Local Feature Matching Revisited6 Apr 2026
- 2026Hg-I2P: Bridging Modalities for Generalizable Image-to-Point-Cloud Registration via Heterogeneous Graphs30 Mar 2026
- 2026GLASS: Geometry-aware Local Alignment and Structure Synchronization Network for 2D-3D Registration27 Mar 2026
30 more
- 2026No Calibration, No Depth, No Problem: Cross-Sensor View Synthesis with 3D Consistency27 Feb 2026
- 2025CRISTAL: Real-time Camera Registration in Static LiDAR Scans using Neural Rendering20 Nov 2025
- 2025Adaptive Agent Selection and Interaction Network for Image-to-point cloud Registration8 Nov 2025
- 2025Self-Supervised Cross-Modal Learning for Image-to-Point Cloud Registration19 Sep 2025
- 2025Diff2I2P: Differentiable Image-to-Point Cloud Registration with Diffusion Prior9 Jul 2025
- 2025Single-Frame Point-Pixel Registration via Supervised Cross-Modal Feature Matching28 Jun 2025
- 2025CA-I2P: Channel-Adaptive Registration Network with Global Optimal Selection26 Jun 2025
- 2025Bridge 2D-3D: Uncertainty-aware Hierarchical Registration Network with Domain Alignment2 Apr 2025
- 2025EEPNet-V2: Patch-to-Pixel Solution for Efficient Cross-Modal Registration between LiDAR Point Cloud and Camera Image19 Mar 2025
- 2025EdgeRegNet: Edge Feature-based Multimodal Registration Network between Images and LiDAR Point Clouds19 Mar 2025
- 2024TFCT-I2P: Three stream fusion network with color aware transformer for image-to-point cloud registration1 Oct 2024
- 2024EEPNet: Efficient Edge Pixel-based Matching Network for Cross-Modal Dynamic Registration between LiDAR and Camera28 Sep 2024
- 2024Grounding Image Matching in 3D with MASt3R14 Jun 2024
- 2024Diff-Reg v1: Diffusion Matching Model for Registration Problem29 Mar 2024
- 2024ModaLink: Unifying Modalities for Efficient Image-to-PointCloud Place Recognition27 Mar 2024
- 20243DGS-ReLoc: 3D Gaussian Splatting for Map Representation and Visual ReLocalization17 Mar 2024
- 2024CMRNext: Camera to LiDAR Matching in the Wild for Localization and Extrinsic Calibration31 Jan 2024
- 20233DAxiesPrompts: Unleashing the 3D Spatial Task Capabilities of GPT-4V15 Dec 2023
- 2023E2PNet: Event to Point Cloud Registration with Spatio-Temporal Representation Learning30 Nov 2023
- 2023FreeReg: Image-to-Point Cloud Registration Leveraging Pretrained Diffusion Models and Monocular Depth Estimators5 Oct 2023
- 2023CoFiI2P: Coarse-to-Fine Correspondences for Image-to-Point Cloud Registration26 Sep 2023
- 2023EP2P-Loc: End-to-End 3D Point to 2D Pixel Localization for Large-Scale Visual Localization14 Sep 2023
- 2023Deep Learning for Visual Localization and Mapping: A Survey27 Aug 2023
- 20232D3D-MATR: 2D-3D Matching Transformer for Detection-free Registration between Images and Point Clouds10 Aug 2023
- 2023End-to-end 2D-3D Registration between Image and LiDAR Point Cloud for Vehicle Localization20 Jun 2023
- 2023Single-Shot Global Localization via Graph-Theoretic Correspondence Matching6 Jun 2023
- 2023(LC)2: LiDAR-Camera Loop Constraints For Cross-Modal Place Recognition17 Apr 2023
- 2022PointCMC: Cross-Modal Multi-Scale Correspondences Learning for Point Cloud Understanding22 Nov 2022
- 2022Contrastive Learning of Features between Images and LiDAR24 Jun 2022
- 2021Digging Into Self-Supervised Learning of Feature Descriptors10 Oct 2021
- 2024Grounding Image Matching in 3D with MASt3Rcited by 960
- 20232D3D-MATR: 2D-3D Matching Transformer for Detection-free Registration between Images and Point Cloudscited by 27
- 2023(LC)2: LiDAR-Camera Loop Constraints For Cross-Modal Place Recognitioncited by 16
- 20233DAxiesPrompts: Unleashing the 3D Spatial Task Capabilities of GPT-4Vcited by 15
- 2024CMRNext: Camera to LiDAR Matching in the Wild for Localization and Extrinsic Calibrationcited by 15
- 20243DGS-ReLoc: 3D Gaussian Splatting for Map Representation and Visual ReLocalizationcited by 15
- 2023Deep Learning for Visual Localization and Mapping: A Surveycited by 14
- 2025Bridge 2D-3D: Uncertainty-aware Hierarchical Registration Network with Domain Alignmentcited by 14
- 2023CoFiI2P: Coarse-to-Fine Correspondences for Image-to-Point Cloud Registrationcited by 12
- 2023E2PNet: Event to Point Cloud Registration with Spatio-Temporal Representation Learningcited by 11
- 2023End-to-end 2D-3D Registration between Image and LiDAR Point Cloud for Vehicle Localizationcited by 9
- 2023EP2P-Loc: End-to-End 3D Point to 2D Pixel Localization for Large-Scale Visual Localizationcited by 8
12 most cited of 40 All 40 (JSON)
- 2026OCA: ODE-Driven Cross-Attention for Image-to-Point-Cloud Registration29 Sep 2026
- 2026GRIP: Gaussian Rendering as a Cross-Modal Bridge for Image-to-Point Cloud Registration22 Sep 2026
- 2026Mask 2D-3D: Adaptive Dual-Masked Autoencoder Network for Image-to-Point Cloud Registration16 Sep 2026
- 2026DRS-VPT: Directly Relocalizing in a Scan with Vision Point Transformers11 Sep 2026
- 2026RoMa-Omega: What Feed-Forward 3D Models Know About Image Matching8 Sep 2026
- 2026Ex-Sim(3)-Reg: 2D-3D Correspondence Pruning via Extended Sim(3) Registration28 Aug 2026
- 2026Cross-Coordinate Correspondence Pruning for Image-to-Point Cloud Registration19 Jul 2026
- 2026FS-I2P:A Hierarchical Focus-Sweep Registration Network with Dynamically Allocated Depth8 May 2026
- 2026Angle-I2P: Angle-Consistent-Aware Hierarchical Attention for Cross-Modality Outlier Rejection6 May 2026
- 2026LoMa: Local Feature Matching Revisited6 Apr 2026
- 2026Hg-I2P: Bridging Modalities for Generalizable Image-to-Point-Cloud Registration via Heterogeneous Graphs30 Mar 2026
- 2026GLASS: Geometry-aware Local Alignment and Structure Synchronization Network for 2D-3D Registration27 Mar 2026
12 newest of 40 All 40 (JSON)