mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

P2-Net: Joint Description and Detection of Local Features for Pixel and Point Matching

arXiv 2103.01055 ↗First posted 1 Mar 2021cs.CVcited by 42

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Abstract (arXiv)

Accurately describing and detecting 2D and 3D keypoints is crucial to establishing correspondences across images and point clouds. Despite a plethora of learning-based 2D or 3D local feature descriptors and detectors having been proposed, the derivation of a shared descriptor and joint keypoint detector that directly matches pixels and points remains under-explored by the community. This work takes the initiative to establish fine-grained correspondences between 2D images and 3D point clouds. In order to directly match pixels and points, a dual fully convolutional framework is presented that maps 2D and 3D inputs into a shared latent representation space to simultaneously describe and detect keypoints. Furthermore, an ultra-wide reception mechanism in combination with a novel loss function are designed to mitigate the intrinsic information variations between pixel and point local regions. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that our framework shows competitive performance in fine-grained matching between images and point clouds and achieves state-of-the-art results for the task of indoor visual localization. Our source code will be available at [no-name-for-blind-review].

Key facts. Cited by 42 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 43 of its 61 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 1 Mar 2021.

Builds on

43 of 61 references.

References · 43

  1. 2017SuperPoint: Self-Supervised Interest Point Detection and Descriptioncited by 1,313
  2. 2019KPConv: Flexible and Deformable Convolution for Point Cloudscited by 1,202
  3. 2015NetVLAD: CNN architecture for weakly supervised place recognitioncited by 935
  4. 2015Multi-view Convolutional Neural Networks for 3D Shape Recognitioncited by 564
  5. 2020Circle Loss: A Unified Perspective of Pair Similarity Optimizationcited by 402
  6. 20163DMatch: Learning Local Geometric Descriptors from RGB-D Reconstructionscited by 333
  7. 2019D2-Net: A Trainable CNN for Joint Detection and Description of Local Featurescited by 324
  8. 2016LIFT: Learned Invariant Feature Transformcited by 305
  9. 2016DSAC - Differentiable RANSAC for Camera Localizationcited by 264
  10. 2017HPatches: A benchmark and evaluation of handcrafted and learned local descriptorscited by 261
  11. 2016Large-Scale Image Retrieval with Attentive Deep Local Featurescited by 238
  12. 2020Deep Global Registrationcited by 228
31 more
  1. 2017Working hard to know your neighbor's margins: Local descriptor learning losscited by 212
  2. 2019R2D2: Repeatable and Reliable Detector and Descriptorcited by 206
  3. 2018PPFNet: Global Context Aware Local Features for Robust 3D Point Matchingcited by 180
  4. 2020Visual Camera Re-Localization from RGB and RGB-D Images Using DSACcited by 176
  5. 2020D3Feat: Joint Learning of Dense Detection and Description of 3D Local Featurescited by 175
  6. 2018The Perfect Match: 3D Point Cloud Matching with Smoothed Densitiescited by 169
  7. 2018LF-Net: Learning Local Features from Imagescited by 151
  8. 2017Learning Less is More - 6D Camera Localization via 3D Surface Regressioncited by 146
  9. 2018PPF-FoldNet: Unsupervised Learning of Rotation Invariant 3D Local Descriptorscited by 140
  10. 2019SOSNet: Second Order Similarity Regularization for Local Descriptor Learningcited by 131
  11. 2020ASLFeat: Learning Local Features of Accurate Shape and Localizationcited by 129
  12. 2019Key.Net: Keypoint Detection by Handcrafted and Learned CNN Filterscited by 117
  13. 20183DFeat-Net: Weakly Supervised Local 3D Features for Point Cloud Registrationcited by 100
  14. 2019Hierarchical Scene Coordinate Classification and Regression for Visual Localizationcited by 93
  15. 2019AtLoc: Attention Guided Camera Localizationcited by 92
  16. 2020Learning multiview 3D point cloud registrationcited by 78
  17. 2019USIP: Unsupervised Stable Interest Point Detection from 3D Point Cloudscited by 70
  18. 2016Learning to Navigate the Energy Landscapecited by 62
  19. 20192D3D-MatchNet: Learning to Match Keypoints Across 2D Image and 3D Point Cloudcited by 62
  20. 2019GIFT: Learning Transformation-Invariant Dense Visual Descriptors via Group CNNscited by 47
  21. 2017Learning Compact Geometric Featurescited by 45
  22. 2020Online Invariance Selection for Local Feature Descriptorscited by 41
  23. 2016Quad-networks: unsupervised learning to rank for interest point detectioncited by 36
  24. 2019Beyond Cartesian Representations for Local Descriptorscited by 35
  25. 2019LCD: Learned Cross-Domain Descriptors for 2D-3D Matchingcited by 29
  26. 2020High-dimensional Convolutional Networks for Geometric Pattern Recognitioncited by 24
  27. 2019UnsuperPoint: End-to-end Unsupervised Interest Point Detector and Descriptorcited by 22
  28. 2016Random Forests versus Neural Networks - What's Best for Camera Localization?cited by 15
  29. 2020Co-Attention for Conditioned Image Matchingcited by 9
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  31. 2018Learning and Matching Multi-View Descriptors for Registration of Point Cloudscited by 6

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 2; 2023: 10; 2024: 7; 2025: 9; 2026: 13.

42 papers.

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  1. 2024Grounding Image Matching in 3D with MASt3Rcited by 960
  2. 2023FreeReg: Image-to-Point Cloud Registration Leveraging Pretrained Diffusion Models and Monocular Depth Estimatorscited by 29
  3. 20232D3D-MATR: 2D-3D Matching Transformer for Detection-free Registration between Images and Point Cloudscited by 27
  4. 2023(LC)2: LiDAR-Camera Loop Constraints For Cross-Modal Place Recognitioncited by 16
  5. 20233DAxiesPrompts: Unleashing the 3D Spatial Task Capabilities of GPT-4Vcited by 15
  6. 2024CMRNext: Camera to LiDAR Matching in the Wild for Localization and Extrinsic Calibrationcited by 15
  7. 20243DGS-ReLoc: 3D Gaussian Splatting for Map Representation and Visual ReLocalizationcited by 15
  8. 2023Deep Learning for Visual Localization and Mapping: A Surveycited by 14
  9. 2025Bridge 2D-3D: Uncertainty-aware Hierarchical Registration Network with Domain Alignmentcited by 14
  10. 2023CoFiI2P: Coarse-to-Fine Correspondences for Image-to-Point Cloud Registrationcited by 12
  11. 2023E2PNet: Event to Point Cloud Registration with Spatio-Temporal Representation Learningcited by 11
  12. 2023End-to-end 2D-3D Registration between Image and LiDAR Point Cloud for Vehicle Localizationcited by 9
30 more
  1. 2023EP2P-Loc: End-to-End 3D Point to 2D Pixel Localization for Large-Scale Visual Localizationcited by 8
  2. 2025CA-I2P: Channel-Adaptive Registration Network with Global Optimal Selectioncited by 8
  3. 2025Diff2I2P: Differentiable Image-to-Point Cloud Registration with Diffusion Priorcited by 8
  4. 2026LoMa: Local Feature Matching Revisitedcited by 7
  5. 2025Adaptive Agent Selection and Interaction Network for Image-to-point cloud Registrationcited by 6
  6. 2022Contrastive Learning of Features between Images and LiDARcited by 5
  7. 2022PointCMC: Cross-Modal Multi-Scale Correspondences Learning for Point Cloud Understandingcited by 5
  8. 2024ModaLink: Unifying Modalities for Efficient Image-to-PointCloud Place Recognitioncited by 5
  9. 2021Digging Into Self-Supervised Learning of Feature Descriptorscited by 3
  10. 2024Diff-Reg v1: Diffusion Matching Model for Registration Problemcited by 3
  11. 2025EdgeRegNet: Edge Feature-based Multimodal Registration Network between Images and LiDAR Point Cloudscited by 3
  12. 2024EEPNet: Efficient Edge Pixel-based Matching Network for Cross-Modal Dynamic Registration between LiDAR and Cameracited by 1
  13. 2025Self-Supervised Cross-Modal Learning for Image-to-Point Cloud Registrationcited by 1
  14. 2026GLASS: Geometry-aware Local Alignment and Structure Synchronization Network for 2D-3D Registrationcited by 1
  15. 2026Hg-I2P: Bridging Modalities for Generalizable Image-to-Point-Cloud Registration via Heterogeneous Graphscited by 1
  16. 2023Single-Shot Global Localization via Graph-Theoretic Correspondence Matchingcited by 0
  17. 2024TFCT-I2P: Three stream fusion network with color aware transformer for image-to-point cloud registrationcited by 0
  18. 2025EEPNet-V2: Patch-to-Pixel Solution for Efficient Cross-Modal Registration between LiDAR Point Cloud and Camera Imagecited by 0
  19. 2025Single-Frame Point-Pixel Registration via Supervised Cross-Modal Feature Matchingcited by 0
  20. 2025CRISTAL: Real-time Camera Registration in Static LiDAR Scans using Neural Renderingcited by 0
  21. 2026No Calibration, No Depth, No Problem: Cross-Sensor View Synthesis with 3D Consistencycited by 0
  22. 2026Angle-I2P: Angle-Consistent-Aware Hierarchical Attention for Cross-Modality Outlier Rejectioncited by 0
  23. 2026FS-I2P:A Hierarchical Focus-Sweep Registration Network with Dynamically Allocated Depthcited by 0
  24. 2026Cross-Coordinate Correspondence Pruning for Image-to-Point Cloud Registrationcited by 0
  25. 2026Ex-Sim(3)-Reg: 2D-3D Correspondence Pruning via Extended Sim(3) Registrationcited by 0
  26. 2026RoMa-Omega: What Feed-Forward 3D Models Know About Image Matchingcited by 0
  27. 2026DRS-VPT: Directly Relocalizing in a Scan with Vision Point Transformerscited by 0
  28. 2026Mask 2D-3D: Adaptive Dual-Masked Autoencoder Network for Image-to-Point Cloud Registrationcited by 0
  29. 2026GRIP: Gaussian Rendering as a Cross-Modal Bridge for Image-to-Point Cloud Registrationcited by 0
  30. 2026OCA: ODE-Driven Cross-Attention for Image-to-Point-Cloud Registrationcited by 0