Quad-networks: unsupervised learning to rank for interest point detection
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Abstract (arXiv)
Several machine learning tasks require to represent the data using only a sparse set of interest points. An ideal detector is able to find the corresponding interest points even if the data undergo a transformation typical for a given domain. Since the task is of high practical interest in computer vision, many hand-crafted solutions were proposed. In this paper, we ask a fundamental question: can we learn such detectors from scratch? Since it is often unclear what points are "interesting", human labelling cannot be used to find a truly unbiased solution. Therefore, the task requires an unsupervised formulation. We are the first to propose such a formulation: training a neural network to rank points in a transformation-invariant manner. Interest points are then extracted from the top/bottom quantiles of this ranking. We validate our approach on two tasks: standard RGB image interest point detection and challenging cross-modal interest point detection between RGB and depth images. We quantitatively show that our unsupervised method performs better or on-par with baselines.
Key facts. Cited by 36 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 22 Nov 2016.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 10; 2022: 11; 2023: 4; 2024: 3; 2025: 5; 2026: 3.
36 papers.
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- 2024Efficient LoFTR: Semi-Dense Local Feature Matching with Sparse-Like Speedcited by 119
- 2022TransVPR: Transformer-based place recognition with multi-level attention aggregationcited by 102
- 2021ALIKE: Accurate and Lightweight Keypoint Detection and Descriptor Extractioncited by 77
- 2021P2-Net: Joint Description and Detection of Local Features for Pixel and Point Matchingcited by 42
- 2025MatchAnything: Universal Cross-Modality Image Matching with Large-Scale Pre-Trainingcited by 40
- 2022BALF: Simple and Efficient Blur Aware Local Feature Detectorcited by 34
- 2021Learning Camera Localization via Dense Scene Matchingcited by 28
- 2022Decoupling Makes Weakly Supervised Local Feature Bettercited by 28
- 2022Self-Supervised Equivariant Learning for Oriented Keypoint Detectioncited by 26
- 2022Partially Does It: Towards Scene-Level FG-SBIR with Partial Inputcited by 20
- 2022ECO-TR: Efficient Correspondences Finding Via Coarse-to-Fine Refinementcited by 18
- 2021DFM: A Performance Baseline for Deep Feature Matchingcited by 17
24 more
- 2023Deep Learning for Visual Localization and Mapping: A Surveycited by 14
- 2023S-TREK: Sequential Translation and Rotation Equivariant Keypoints for local feature extractioncited by 13
- 2021Probabilistic Spatial Distribution Prior Based Attentional Keypoints Matching Networkcited by 8
- 2021Matching in the Dark: A Dataset for Matching Image Pairs of Low-light Scenescited by 7
- 2022A Critical Analysis of Image-based Camera Pose Estimation Techniquescited by 7
- 2025Deep Learning Reforms Image Matching: A Survey and Outlookcited by 7
- 2022SuperPoint features in endoscopycited by 5
- 2022MD-Net: Multi-Detector for Local Feature Extractioncited by 4
- 2022Shared Coupling-bridge for Weakly Supervised Local Feature Learningcited by 4
- 2021Digging Into Self-Supervised Learning of Feature Descriptorscited by 3
- 2023Learning multi-domain feature relation for visible and Long-wave Infrared image patch matchingcited by 3
- 2021Image Feature Information Extraction for Interest Point Detection: A Reviewcited by 2
- 2022Learning to Detect Good Keypoints to Match Non-Rigid Objects in RGB Imagescited by 2
- 2024Scale-Free Image Keypoints Using Differentiable Persistent Homologycited by 2
- 2025CNSv2: Probabilistic Correspondence Encoded Neural Image Servocited by 2
- 2021Scale-Net: Learning to Reduce Scale Differences for Large-Scale Invariant Image Matchingcited by 1
- 2023Improving the matching of deformable objects by learning to detect keypointscited by 1
- 2024HCPM: Hierarchical Candidates Pruning for Efficient Detector-Free Matchingcited by 1
- 2021Soft Expectation and Deep Maximization for Image Feature Detectioncited by 0
- 2025FPC-Net: Revisiting SuperPoint with Descriptor-Free Keypoint Detection via Feature Pyramids and Consistency-Based Implicit Matchingcited by 0
- 2025DeepDetect: Learning All-in-One Dense Keypointscited by 0
- 2026From Pairs to Sequences: Track-Aware Policy Gradients for Keypoint Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Improving Local Feature Matching by Entropy-inspired Scale Adaptability and Flow-endowed Local Consistencycited by 0
- 2026Cross-View Feature Matching: Survey, Benchmarking, and Foundation-Model Perspectivescited by 0
- 2026Cross-View Feature Matching: Survey, Benchmarking, and Foundation-Model Perspectives11 Aug 2026
- 2026Improving Local Feature Matching by Entropy-inspired Scale Adaptability and Flow-endowed Local Consistency8 Apr 2026
- 2026From Pairs to Sequences: Track-Aware Policy Gradients for Keypoint Detection24 Feb 2026
- 2025DeepDetect: Learning All-in-One Dense Keypoints20 Oct 2025
- 2025FPC-Net: Revisiting SuperPoint with Descriptor-Free Keypoint Detection via Feature Pyramids and Consistency-Based Implicit Matching14 Jul 2025
- 2025Deep Learning Reforms Image Matching: A Survey and Outlook5 Jun 2025
- 2025CNSv2: Probabilistic Correspondence Encoded Neural Image Servo28 Feb 2025
- 2025MatchAnything: Universal Cross-Modality Image Matching with Large-Scale Pre-Training13 Jan 2025
- 2024Scale-Free Image Keypoints Using Differentiable Persistent Homology3 Jun 2024
- 2024HCPM: Hierarchical Candidates Pruning for Efficient Detector-Free Matching19 Mar 2024
- 2024Efficient LoFTR: Semi-Dense Local Feature Matching with Sparse-Like Speed7 Mar 2024
- 2023Improving the matching of deformable objects by learning to detect keypoints1 Sep 2023
24 more
- 2023S-TREK: Sequential Translation and Rotation Equivariant Keypoints for local feature extraction28 Aug 2023
- 2023Deep Learning for Visual Localization and Mapping: A Survey27 Aug 2023
- 2023Learning multi-domain feature relation for visible and Long-wave Infrared image patch matching9 Aug 2023
- 2022Shared Coupling-bridge for Weakly Supervised Local Feature Learning14 Dec 2022
- 2022Learning to Detect Good Keypoints to Match Non-Rigid Objects in RGB Images13 Dec 2022
- 2022BALF: Simple and Efficient Blur Aware Local Feature Detector27 Nov 2022
- 2022ECO-TR: Efficient Correspondences Finding Via Coarse-to-Fine Refinement25 Sep 2022
- 2022MD-Net: Multi-Detector for Local Feature Extraction10 Aug 2022
- 2022Self-Supervised Equivariant Learning for Oriented Keypoint Detection19 Apr 2022
- 2022Partially Does It: Towards Scene-Level FG-SBIR with Partial Input28 Mar 2022
- 2022SuperPoint features in endoscopy8 Mar 2022
- 2022A Critical Analysis of Image-based Camera Pose Estimation Techniques15 Jan 2022
- 2022Decoupling Makes Weakly Supervised Local Feature Better8 Jan 2022
- 2022TransVPR: Transformer-based place recognition with multi-level attention aggregation6 Jan 2022
- 2021Scale-Net: Learning to Reduce Scale Differences for Large-Scale Invariant Image Matching20 Dec 2021
- 2021ALIKE: Accurate and Lightweight Keypoint Detection and Descriptor Extraction6 Dec 2021
- 2021Probabilistic Spatial Distribution Prior Based Attentional Keypoints Matching Network17 Nov 2021
- 2021Digging Into Self-Supervised Learning of Feature Descriptors10 Oct 2021
- 2021Matching in the Dark: A Dataset for Matching Image Pairs of Low-light Scenes8 Sep 2021
- 2021Image Feature Information Extraction for Interest Point Detection: A Review15 Jun 2021
- 2021DFM: A Performance Baseline for Deep Feature Matching14 Jun 2021
- 2021Soft Expectation and Deep Maximization for Image Feature Detection21 Apr 2021
- 2021Learning Camera Localization via Dense Scene Matching31 Mar 2021
- 2021P2-Net: Joint Description and Detection of Local Features for Pixel and Point Matching1 Mar 2021
- 2024Efficient LoFTR: Semi-Dense Local Feature Matching with Sparse-Like Speedcited by 119
- 2022TransVPR: Transformer-based place recognition with multi-level attention aggregationcited by 102
- 2021ALIKE: Accurate and Lightweight Keypoint Detection and Descriptor Extractioncited by 77
- 2021P2-Net: Joint Description and Detection of Local Features for Pixel and Point Matchingcited by 42
- 2025MatchAnything: Universal Cross-Modality Image Matching with Large-Scale Pre-Trainingcited by 40
- 2022BALF: Simple and Efficient Blur Aware Local Feature Detectorcited by 34
- 2021Learning Camera Localization via Dense Scene Matchingcited by 28
- 2022Decoupling Makes Weakly Supervised Local Feature Bettercited by 28
- 2022Self-Supervised Equivariant Learning for Oriented Keypoint Detectioncited by 26
- 2022Partially Does It: Towards Scene-Level FG-SBIR with Partial Inputcited by 20
- 2022ECO-TR: Efficient Correspondences Finding Via Coarse-to-Fine Refinementcited by 18
- 2021DFM: A Performance Baseline for Deep Feature Matchingcited by 17
12 most cited of 36 All 36 (JSON)
- 2026Cross-View Feature Matching: Survey, Benchmarking, and Foundation-Model Perspectives11 Aug 2026
- 2026Improving Local Feature Matching by Entropy-inspired Scale Adaptability and Flow-endowed Local Consistency8 Apr 2026
- 2026From Pairs to Sequences: Track-Aware Policy Gradients for Keypoint Detection24 Feb 2026
- 2025DeepDetect: Learning All-in-One Dense Keypoints20 Oct 2025
- 2025FPC-Net: Revisiting SuperPoint with Descriptor-Free Keypoint Detection via Feature Pyramids and Consistency-Based Implicit Matching14 Jul 2025
- 2025Deep Learning Reforms Image Matching: A Survey and Outlook5 Jun 2025
- 2025CNSv2: Probabilistic Correspondence Encoded Neural Image Servo28 Feb 2025
- 2025MatchAnything: Universal Cross-Modality Image Matching with Large-Scale Pre-Training13 Jan 2025
- 2024Scale-Free Image Keypoints Using Differentiable Persistent Homology3 Jun 2024
- 2024HCPM: Hierarchical Candidates Pruning for Efficient Detector-Free Matching19 Mar 2024
- 2024Efficient LoFTR: Semi-Dense Local Feature Matching with Sparse-Like Speed7 Mar 2024
- 2023Improving the matching of deformable objects by learning to detect keypoints1 Sep 2023
12 newest of 36 All 36 (JSON)