Integrated Grad-CAM: Sensitivity-Aware Visual Explanation of Deep Convolutional Networks via Integrated Gradient-Based Scoring
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Abstract (arXiv)
Visualizing the features captured by Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) is one of the conventional approaches to interpret the predictions made by these models in numerous image recognition applications. Grad-CAM is a popular solution that provides such a visualization by combining the activation maps obtained from the model. However, the average gradient-based terms deployed in this method underestimates the contribution of the representations discovered by the model to its predictions. Addressing this problem, we introduce a solution to tackle this issue by computing the path integral of the gradient-based terms in Grad-CAM. We conduct a thorough analysis to demonstrate the improvement achieved by our method in measuring the importance of the extracted representations for the CNN's predictions, which yields to our method's administration in object localization and model interpretation.
Key facts. Cited by 16 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 19 of its 22 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 Feb 2021.
Builds on
19 of 22 references.
References · 19
- 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,160
- 2016Grad-CAM: Visual Explanations from Deep Networks via Gradient-based Localizationcited by 6,690
- 2017Axiomatic Attribution for Deep Networkscited by 3,350
- 2015Learning Deep Features for Discriminative Localizationcited by 2,430
- 2013Deep Inside Convolutional Networks: Visualising Image Classification Models and Saliency Mapscited by 2,348
- 2018A Survey Of Methods For Explaining Black Box Modelscited by 970
- 2017Grad-CAM++: Improved Visual Explanations for Deep Convolutional Networkscited by 936
- 2018RISE: Randomized Input Sampling for Explanation of Black-box Modelscited by 825
- 2016The Mythos of Model Interpretabilitycited by 716
- 2019Score-CAM: Score-Weighted Visual Explanations for Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 575
- 2016Top-down Neural Attention by Excitation Backpropcited by 318
- 2016Not Just a Black Box: Learning Important Features Through Propagating Activation Differencescited by 295
7 more
- 2019Understanding Deep Networks via Extremal Perturbations and Smooth Maskscited by 257
- 2019Full-Gradient Representation for Neural Network Visualizationcited by 189
- 2014Object Detectors Emerge in Deep Scene CNNscited by 178
- 2020Axiom-based Grad-CAM: Towards Accurate Visualization and Explanation of CNNscited by 151
- 2019Smooth Grad-CAM++: An Enhanced Inference Level Visualization Technique for Deep Convolutional Neural Network Modelscited by 118
- 2020Restricting the Flow: Information Bottlenecks for Attributioncited by 110
- 2019Relative Attributing Propagation: Interpreting the Comparative Contributions of Individual Units in Deep Neural Networkscited by 49
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 6; 2023: 4; 2024: 2; 2025: 1; 2026: 2.
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- 2023I-AI: A Controllable & Interpretable AI System for Decoding Radiologists' Intense Focus for Accurate CXR Diagnosescited by 10
- 2022Learning Visual Explanations for DCNN-Based Image Classifiers Using an Attention Mechanismcited by 7
- 2023ProtoArgNet: Interpretable Image Classification with Super-Prototypes and Argumentation [Technical Report]cited by 7
- 2022Visual Explanations from Deep Networks via Riemann-Stieltjes Integrated Gradient-based Localizationcited by 5
- 2024Expected Grad-CAM: Towards gradient faithfulnesscited by 4
- 2022Hierarchical Symbolic Reasoning in Hyperbolic Space for Deep Discriminative Modelscited by 3
- 2025Free Argumentative Exchanges for Explaining Image Classifierscited by 3
- 2021TSGB: Target-Selective Gradient Backprop for Probing CNN Visual Saliencycited by 2
- 2023Overview of Class Activation Maps for Visualization Explainabilitycited by 2
- 2022Explaining Image Classification with Visual Debatescited by 1
- 2024CEPA: Consensus Embedded Perturbation for Agnostic Detection and Inversion of Backdoorscited by 1
- 2026Similarity-as-Evidence: Calibrating Overconfident VLMs for Interpretable and Label-Efficient Medical Active Learningcited by 1
4 more
- 2022Baseline Computation for Attribution Methods Based on Interpolated Inputscited by 0
- 2022Rethinking gradient weights' influence over saliency map estimationcited by 0
- 2023Greedy PIG: Adaptive Integrated Gradientscited by 0
- 2026Class Activation Mapping in Explainable Computer Vision: A Method-Centered Review of CNN, Transformer, and Foundation-Model-Era Visual Explanationscited by 0
- 2026Class Activation Mapping in Explainable Computer Vision: A Method-Centered Review of CNN, Transformer, and Foundation-Model-Era Visual Explanations12 Aug 2026
- 2026Similarity-as-Evidence: Calibrating Overconfident VLMs for Interpretable and Label-Efficient Medical Active Learning21 Feb 2026
- 2025Free Argumentative Exchanges for Explaining Image Classifiers18 Feb 2025
- 2024Expected Grad-CAM: Towards gradient faithfulness3 Jun 2024
- 2024CEPA: Consensus Embedded Perturbation for Agnostic Detection and Inversion of Backdoors3 Feb 2024
- 2023ProtoArgNet: Interpretable Image Classification with Super-Prototypes and Argumentation [Technical Report]26 Nov 2023
- 2023Greedy PIG: Adaptive Integrated Gradients10 Nov 2023
- 2023Overview of Class Activation Maps for Visualization Explainability25 Sep 2023
- 2023I-AI: A Controllable & Interpretable AI System for Decoding Radiologists' Intense Focus for Accurate CXR Diagnoses24 Sep 2023
- 2022Explaining Image Classification with Visual Debates17 Oct 2022
- 2022Learning Visual Explanations for DCNN-Based Image Classifiers Using an Attention Mechanism22 Sep 2022
- 2022Rethinking gradient weights' influence over saliency map estimation12 Jul 2022
4 more
- 2022Hierarchical Symbolic Reasoning in Hyperbolic Space for Deep Discriminative Models5 Jul 2022
- 2022Visual Explanations from Deep Networks via Riemann-Stieltjes Integrated Gradient-based Localization22 May 2022
- 2022Baseline Computation for Attribution Methods Based on Interpolated Inputs13 Apr 2022
- 2021TSGB: Target-Selective Gradient Backprop for Probing CNN Visual Saliency11 Oct 2021
- 2023I-AI: A Controllable & Interpretable AI System for Decoding Radiologists' Intense Focus for Accurate CXR Diagnosescited by 10
- 2022Learning Visual Explanations for DCNN-Based Image Classifiers Using an Attention Mechanismcited by 7
- 2023ProtoArgNet: Interpretable Image Classification with Super-Prototypes and Argumentation [Technical Report]cited by 7
- 2022Visual Explanations from Deep Networks via Riemann-Stieltjes Integrated Gradient-based Localizationcited by 5
- 2024Expected Grad-CAM: Towards gradient faithfulnesscited by 4
- 2025Free Argumentative Exchanges for Explaining Image Classifierscited by 3
- 2021TSGB: Target-Selective Gradient Backprop for Probing CNN Visual Saliencycited by 2
- 2023Overview of Class Activation Maps for Visualization Explainabilitycited by 2
- 2022Explaining Image Classification with Visual Debatescited by 1
- 2024CEPA: Consensus Embedded Perturbation for Agnostic Detection and Inversion of Backdoorscited by 1
- 2026Similarity-as-Evidence: Calibrating Overconfident VLMs for Interpretable and Label-Efficient Medical Active Learningcited by 1
- 2022Baseline Computation for Attribution Methods Based on Interpolated Inputscited by 0
12 most cited of 15 All 15 (JSON)
- 2026Class Activation Mapping in Explainable Computer Vision: A Method-Centered Review of CNN, Transformer, and Foundation-Model-Era Visual Explanations12 Aug 2026
- 2026Similarity-as-Evidence: Calibrating Overconfident VLMs for Interpretable and Label-Efficient Medical Active Learning21 Feb 2026
- 2025Free Argumentative Exchanges for Explaining Image Classifiers18 Feb 2025
- 2024Expected Grad-CAM: Towards gradient faithfulness3 Jun 2024
- 2024CEPA: Consensus Embedded Perturbation for Agnostic Detection and Inversion of Backdoors3 Feb 2024
- 2023ProtoArgNet: Interpretable Image Classification with Super-Prototypes and Argumentation [Technical Report]26 Nov 2023
- 2023Greedy PIG: Adaptive Integrated Gradients10 Nov 2023
- 2023Overview of Class Activation Maps for Visualization Explainability25 Sep 2023
- 2023I-AI: A Controllable & Interpretable AI System for Decoding Radiologists' Intense Focus for Accurate CXR Diagnoses24 Sep 2023
- 2022Explaining Image Classification with Visual Debates17 Oct 2022
- 2022Learning Visual Explanations for DCNN-Based Image Classifiers Using an Attention Mechanism22 Sep 2022
- 2022Rethinking gradient weights' influence over saliency map estimation12 Jul 2022
12 newest of 15 All 15 (JSON)