Towards a Standard Feature Set for Network Intrusion Detection System Datasets
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Abstract (arXiv)
Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDSs) are important tools for the protection of computer networks against increasingly frequent and sophisticated cyber attacks. Recently, a lot of research effort has been dedicated to the development of Machine Learning (ML) based NIDSs. As in any ML-based application, the availability of high-quality datasets is critical for the training and evaluation of ML-based NIDS. One of the key problems with the currently available datasets is the lack of a standard feature set. The use of a unique and proprietary set of features for each of the publicly available datasets makes it virtually impossible to compare the performance of ML-based traffic classifiers on different datasets, and hence to evaluate the ability of these systems to generalise across different network scenarios. To address that limitation, this paper proposes and evaluates standard NIDS feature sets based on the NetFlow network meta-data collection protocol and system. We evaluate and compare two NetFlow-based feature set variants, a version with 12 features, and another one with 43 features.
Key facts. Cited by 40 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 27 Jan 2021.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 6; 2023: 6; 2024: 10; 2025: 8; 2026: 8.
40 papers.
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- 2022Anomal-E: A Self-Supervised Network Intrusion Detection System based on Graph Neural Networkscited by 25
- 2023FlowTransformer: A Transformer Framework for Flow-based Network Intrusion Detection Systemscited by 24
- 2023Adv-Bot: Realistic Adversarial Botnet Attacks against Network Intrusion Detection Systemscited by 14
- 2024Towards Explainable Network Intrusion Detection using Large Language Modelscited by 12
- 2022AnoShift: A Distribution Shift Benchmark for Unsupervised Anomaly Detectioncited by 11
- 2021Evaluating Standard Feature Sets Towards Increased Generalisability and Explainability of ML-based Network Intrusion Detectioncited by 8
- 2022On Generalisability of Machine Learning-based Network Intrusion Detection Systemscited by 8
- 2024Applying Self-supervised Learning to Network Intrusion Detection for Network Flows with Graph Neural Networkcited by 7
- 2025eX-NIDS: A Framework for Explainable Network Intrusion Detection Leveraging Large Language Modelscited by 5
- 2024On the Cross-Dataset Generalization of Machine Learning for Network Intrusion Detectioncited by 4
- 2024Survey of Graph Neural Network for Internet of Things and NextG Networkscited by 4
- 2022Network Intrusion Detection System in a Light Bulbcited by 3
28 more
- 2022Investigation and rectification of NIDS datasets and standardized feature set derivation for network attack detection with graph neural networkscited by 2
- 2023Enhancing Trustworthiness in ML-Based Network Intrusion Detection with Uncertainty Quantificationcited by 2
- 2023Enhancing IoT Security via Automatic Network Traffic Analysis: The Transition from Machine Learning to Deep Learningcited by 2
- 2024PPT-GNN: A Practical Pre-Trained Spatio-Temporal Graph Neural Network for Network Securitycited by 2
- 2024A Critical Assessment of Interpretable and Explainable Machine Learning for Intrusion Detectioncited by 2
- 2025Temporal Analysis of NetFlow Datasets for Network Intrusion Detection Systemscited by 2
- 2025Anomaly-Flow: A Multi-domain Federated Generative Adversarial Network for Distributed Denial-of-Service Detectioncited by 2
- 2025Self-Supervised Learning of Graph Representations for Network Intrusion Detectioncited by 2
- 2021Improving the Reliability of Network Intrusion Detection Systems through Dataset Integrationcited by 1
- 2022DOC-NAD: A Hybrid Deep One-class Classifier for Network Anomaly Detectioncited by 1
- 20233D-IDS: Doubly Disentangled Dynamic Intrusion Detectioncited by 1
- 2024Integrating Graph Neural Networks with Scattering Transform for Anomaly Detectioncited by 1
- 2024MEGA: Message Passing Neural Networks for Multigraphs with EdGe Attributescited by 1
- 2024Flow Exporter Impact on Intelligent Intrusion Detection Systemscited by 1
- 2025An Evaluation Framework for Network IDS/IPS Datasets: Leveraging MITRE ATT&CK and Industry Relevance Metricscited by 1
- 2023BS-GAT Behavior Similarity Based Graph Attention Network for Network Intrusion Detectioncited by 0
- 2024NIDS Neural Networks Using Sliding Time Window Data Processing with Trainable Activations and its Generalization Capabilitycited by 0
- 2025Anomaly detection in network flows using unsupervised online machine learningcited by 0
- 2025Revisiting Network Traffic Analysis: Compatible network flows for ML modelscited by 0
- 2025A Comprehensive Study of Supervised Machine Learning Models for Zero-Day Attack Detection: Analyzing Performance on Imbalanced Datacited by 0
- 2026Targeted Adversarial Traffic Generation : Black-box Approach to Evade Intrusion Detection Systems in IoT Networkscited by 0
- 2026Evaluating Tabular Representation Learning for Network Intrusion Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Integration of AI in Cybersecurity: Current Trends with a Focused Look at Intrusion Detection Applicationscited by 0
- 2026Enhanced Feature Extraction for IoT Network Intrusion Detection Using GNNs and KANcited by 0
- 2026Robust Unsupervised Network Intrusion Detection via Federated Learning with Selective Aggregation under Anomalous Sample Contaminationcited by 0
- 2026How Quantum Is the Advantage? A Fair, Calibration- and Noise-Aware Benchmark and Attribution Audit of Quantum Machine Learning for Network Intrusion Detectioncited by 0
- 2026A Three-Axis Stress Test of LLM vs Classical ML for Network Intrusion Detection under Distribution Shift and Adversarial Evasioncited by 0
- 2026Unmasking Shortcut Learning in IoT Intrusion Detection: A Forensic, Multi-Paradigm Evaluation of Feature Dependence and Data Leakagecited by 0
- 2026Unmasking Shortcut Learning in IoT Intrusion Detection: A Forensic, Multi-Paradigm Evaluation of Feature Dependence and Data Leakage23 Sep 2026
- 2026A Three-Axis Stress Test of LLM vs Classical ML for Network Intrusion Detection under Distribution Shift and Adversarial Evasion11 Sep 2026
- 2026How Quantum Is the Advantage? A Fair, Calibration- and Noise-Aware Benchmark and Attribution Audit of Quantum Machine Learning for Network Intrusion Detection13 Aug 2026
- 2026Robust Unsupervised Network Intrusion Detection via Federated Learning with Selective Aggregation under Anomalous Sample Contamination28 Jul 2026
- 2026Enhanced Feature Extraction for IoT Network Intrusion Detection Using GNNs and KAN3 Jul 2026
- 2026Integration of AI in Cybersecurity: Current Trends with a Focused Look at Intrusion Detection Applications17 May 2026
- 2026Evaluating Tabular Representation Learning for Network Intrusion Detection4 May 2026
- 2026Targeted Adversarial Traffic Generation : Black-box Approach to Evade Intrusion Detection Systems in IoT Networks24 Mar 2026
- 2025A Comprehensive Study of Supervised Machine Learning Models for Zero-Day Attack Detection: Analyzing Performance on Imbalanced Data7 Dec 2025
- 2025An Evaluation Framework for Network IDS/IPS Datasets: Leveraging MITRE ATT&CK and Industry Relevance Metrics16 Nov 2025
- 2025Revisiting Network Traffic Analysis: Compatible network flows for ML models11 Nov 2025
- 2025Self-Supervised Learning of Graph Representations for Network Intrusion Detection20 Sep 2025
28 more
- 2025Anomaly detection in network flows using unsupervised online machine learning1 Sep 2025
- 2025eX-NIDS: A Framework for Explainable Network Intrusion Detection Leveraging Large Language Models22 Jul 2025
- 2025Anomaly-Flow: A Multi-domain Federated Generative Adversarial Network for Distributed Denial-of-Service Detection18 Mar 2025
- 2025Temporal Analysis of NetFlow Datasets for Network Intrusion Detection Systems6 Mar 2025
- 2024Flow Exporter Impact on Intelligent Intrusion Detection Systems18 Dec 2024
- 2024MEGA: Message Passing Neural Networks for Multigraphs with EdGe Attributes29 Nov 2024
- 2024NIDS Neural Networks Using Sliding Time Window Data Processing with Trainable Activations and its Generalization Capability24 Oct 2024
- 2024Towards Explainable Network Intrusion Detection using Large Language Models8 Aug 2024
- 2024A Critical Assessment of Interpretable and Explainable Machine Learning for Intrusion Detection4 Jul 2024
- 2024PPT-GNN: A Practical Pre-Trained Spatio-Temporal Graph Neural Network for Network Security19 Jun 2024
- 2024Survey of Graph Neural Network for Internet of Things and NextG Networks27 May 2024
- 2024Integrating Graph Neural Networks with Scattering Transform for Anomaly Detection16 Apr 2024
- 2024Applying Self-supervised Learning to Network Intrusion Detection for Network Flows with Graph Neural Network3 Mar 2024
- 2024On the Cross-Dataset Generalization of Machine Learning for Network Intrusion Detection15 Feb 2024
- 2023Enhancing IoT Security via Automatic Network Traffic Analysis: The Transition from Machine Learning to Deep Learning20 Nov 2023
- 2023Enhancing Trustworthiness in ML-Based Network Intrusion Detection with Uncertainty Quantification5 Sep 2023
- 20233D-IDS: Doubly Disentangled Dynamic Intrusion Detection2 Jul 2023
- 2023FlowTransformer: A Transformer Framework for Flow-based Network Intrusion Detection Systems28 Apr 2023
- 2023BS-GAT Behavior Similarity Based Graph Attention Network for Network Intrusion Detection7 Apr 2023
- 2023Adv-Bot: Realistic Adversarial Botnet Attacks against Network Intrusion Detection Systems12 Mar 2023
- 2022Investigation and rectification of NIDS datasets and standardized feature set derivation for network attack detection with graph neural networks26 Dec 2022
- 2022DOC-NAD: A Hybrid Deep One-class Classifier for Network Anomaly Detection15 Dec 2022
- 2022Network Intrusion Detection System in a Light Bulb6 Oct 2022
- 2022Anomal-E: A Self-Supervised Network Intrusion Detection System based on Graph Neural Networks14 Jul 2022
- 2022AnoShift: A Distribution Shift Benchmark for Unsupervised Anomaly Detection30 Jun 2022
- 2022On Generalisability of Machine Learning-based Network Intrusion Detection Systems9 May 2022
- 2021Improving the Reliability of Network Intrusion Detection Systems through Dataset Integration2 Dec 2021
- 2021Evaluating Standard Feature Sets Towards Increased Generalisability and Explainability of ML-based Network Intrusion Detection15 Apr 2021
- 2022Anomal-E: A Self-Supervised Network Intrusion Detection System based on Graph Neural Networkscited by 25
- 2023FlowTransformer: A Transformer Framework for Flow-based Network Intrusion Detection Systemscited by 24
- 2023Adv-Bot: Realistic Adversarial Botnet Attacks against Network Intrusion Detection Systemscited by 14
- 2024Towards Explainable Network Intrusion Detection using Large Language Modelscited by 12
- 2022AnoShift: A Distribution Shift Benchmark for Unsupervised Anomaly Detectioncited by 11
- 2021Evaluating Standard Feature Sets Towards Increased Generalisability and Explainability of ML-based Network Intrusion Detectioncited by 8
- 2022On Generalisability of Machine Learning-based Network Intrusion Detection Systemscited by 8
- 2024Applying Self-supervised Learning to Network Intrusion Detection for Network Flows with Graph Neural Networkcited by 7
- 2025eX-NIDS: A Framework for Explainable Network Intrusion Detection Leveraging Large Language Modelscited by 5
- 2024On the Cross-Dataset Generalization of Machine Learning for Network Intrusion Detectioncited by 4
- 2024Survey of Graph Neural Network for Internet of Things and NextG Networkscited by 4
- 2022Network Intrusion Detection System in a Light Bulbcited by 3
12 most cited of 40 All 40 (JSON)
- 2026Unmasking Shortcut Learning in IoT Intrusion Detection: A Forensic, Multi-Paradigm Evaluation of Feature Dependence and Data Leakage23 Sep 2026
- 2026A Three-Axis Stress Test of LLM vs Classical ML for Network Intrusion Detection under Distribution Shift and Adversarial Evasion11 Sep 2026
- 2026How Quantum Is the Advantage? A Fair, Calibration- and Noise-Aware Benchmark and Attribution Audit of Quantum Machine Learning for Network Intrusion Detection13 Aug 2026
- 2026Robust Unsupervised Network Intrusion Detection via Federated Learning with Selective Aggregation under Anomalous Sample Contamination28 Jul 2026
- 2026Enhanced Feature Extraction for IoT Network Intrusion Detection Using GNNs and KAN3 Jul 2026
- 2026Integration of AI in Cybersecurity: Current Trends with a Focused Look at Intrusion Detection Applications17 May 2026
- 2026Evaluating Tabular Representation Learning for Network Intrusion Detection4 May 2026
- 2026Targeted Adversarial Traffic Generation : Black-box Approach to Evade Intrusion Detection Systems in IoT Networks24 Mar 2026
- 2025A Comprehensive Study of Supervised Machine Learning Models for Zero-Day Attack Detection: Analyzing Performance on Imbalanced Data7 Dec 2025
- 2025An Evaluation Framework for Network IDS/IPS Datasets: Leveraging MITRE ATT&CK and Industry Relevance Metrics16 Nov 2025
- 2025Revisiting Network Traffic Analysis: Compatible network flows for ML models11 Nov 2025
- 2025Self-Supervised Learning of Graph Representations for Network Intrusion Detection20 Sep 2025
12 newest of 40 All 40 (JSON)