Robustness to Augmentations as a Generalization metric
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Abstract (arXiv)
Generalization is the ability of a model to predict on unseen domains and is a fundamental task in machine learning. Several generalization bounds, both theoretical and empirical have been proposed but they do not provide tight bounds .In this work, we propose a simple yet effective method to predict the generalization performance of a model by using the concept that models that are robust to augmentations are more generalizable than those which are not. We experiment with several augmentations and composition of augmentations to check the generalization capacity of a model. We also provide a detailed motivation behind the proposed method. The proposed generalization metric is calculated based on the change in the output of the model after augmenting the input. The proposed method was the first runner up solution for the NeurIPS competition on Predicting Generalization in Deep Learning.
Key facts. Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 16 of its 20 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 Jan 2021.
Builds on
16 of 20 references.
References · 16
- 2014Unsupervised Domain Adaptation by Backpropagationcited by 1,917
- 2018ImageNet-trained CNNs are biased towards texture; increasing shape bias improves accuracy and robustnesscited by 1,432
- 2016On Large-Batch Training for Deep Learning: Generalization Gap and Sharp Minimacited by 1,352
- 2017Random Erasing Data Augmentationcited by 1,239
- 2017Virtual Adversarial Training: A Regularization Method for Supervised and Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 920
- 2013Speech Recognition with Deep Recurrent Neural Networkscited by 669
- 2017Exploring Generalization in Deep Learningcited by 600
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- 2019Fantastic Generalization Measures and Where to Find Themcited by 513
- 2015A Neural Algorithm of Artistic Stylecited by 483
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- 2018Stronger generalization bounds for deep nets via a compression approachcited by 307
4 more
- 2015Norm-Based Capacity Control in Neural Networkscited by 299
- 2018Why do deep convolutional networks generalize so poorly to small image transformations?cited by 198
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 3; 2023: 1; 2024: 1; 2025: 2.
13 papers.
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- 2021Grounding inductive biases in natural images:invariance stems from variations in datacited by 27
- 2022On the Strong Correlation Between Model Invariance and Generalizationcited by 23
- 2021Understanding the Generalization Benefit of Model Invariance from a Data Perspectivecited by 22
- 2021Predicting Deep Neural Network Generalization with Perturbation Response Curvescited by 14
- 2022Predicting the generalization gap in neural networks using topological data analysiscited by 9
- 2021On Predicting Generalization using GANscited by 6
- 2022Predicting Out-of-Domain Generalization with Neighborhood Invariancecited by 4
- 2023Input margins can predict generalization toocited by 4
- 2021Gi and Pal Scores: Deep Neural Network Generalization Statisticscited by 3
- 2021In Search of Probeable Generalization Measurescited by 2
- 2024Assessing Model Generalization in Vicinitycited by 0
- 2025Unsupervised Source-Free Ranking of Biomedical Segmentation Models Under Distribution Shiftcited by 0
1 more
- 2025Domain Adaptation via Feature Refinementcited by 0
- 2025Domain Adaptation via Feature Refinement22 Aug 2025
- 2025Unsupervised Source-Free Ranking of Biomedical Segmentation Models Under Distribution Shift1 Mar 2025
- 2024Assessing Model Generalization in Vicinity13 Jun 2024
- 2023Input margins can predict generalization too29 Aug 2023
- 2022On the Strong Correlation Between Model Invariance and Generalization14 Jul 2022
- 2022Predicting Out-of-Domain Generalization with Neighborhood Invariance5 Jul 2022
- 2022Predicting the generalization gap in neural networks using topological data analysis23 Mar 2022
- 2021On Predicting Generalization using GANs28 Nov 2021
- 2021Understanding the Generalization Benefit of Model Invariance from a Data Perspective10 Nov 2021
- 2021In Search of Probeable Generalization Measures23 Oct 2021
- 2021Grounding inductive biases in natural images:invariance stems from variations in data9 Jun 2021
- 2021Predicting Deep Neural Network Generalization with Perturbation Response Curves9 Jun 2021
1 more
- 2021Grounding inductive biases in natural images:invariance stems from variations in datacited by 27
- 2022On the Strong Correlation Between Model Invariance and Generalizationcited by 23
- 2021Understanding the Generalization Benefit of Model Invariance from a Data Perspectivecited by 22
- 2021Predicting Deep Neural Network Generalization with Perturbation Response Curvescited by 14
- 2022Predicting the generalization gap in neural networks using topological data analysiscited by 9
- 2021On Predicting Generalization using GANscited by 6
- 2022Predicting Out-of-Domain Generalization with Neighborhood Invariancecited by 4
- 2023Input margins can predict generalization toocited by 4
- 2021Gi and Pal Scores: Deep Neural Network Generalization Statisticscited by 3
- 2021In Search of Probeable Generalization Measurescited by 2
- 2024Assessing Model Generalization in Vicinitycited by 0
- 2025Unsupervised Source-Free Ranking of Biomedical Segmentation Models Under Distribution Shiftcited by 0
12 most cited of 13 All 13 (JSON)
- 2025Domain Adaptation via Feature Refinement22 Aug 2025
- 2025Unsupervised Source-Free Ranking of Biomedical Segmentation Models Under Distribution Shift1 Mar 2025
- 2024Assessing Model Generalization in Vicinity13 Jun 2024
- 2023Input margins can predict generalization too29 Aug 2023
- 2022On the Strong Correlation Between Model Invariance and Generalization14 Jul 2022
- 2022Predicting Out-of-Domain Generalization with Neighborhood Invariance5 Jul 2022
- 2022Predicting the generalization gap in neural networks using topological data analysis23 Mar 2022
- 2021On Predicting Generalization using GANs28 Nov 2021
- 2021Understanding the Generalization Benefit of Model Invariance from a Data Perspective10 Nov 2021
- 2021In Search of Probeable Generalization Measures23 Oct 2021
- 2021Grounding inductive biases in natural images:invariance stems from variations in data9 Jun 2021
- 2021Predicting Deep Neural Network Generalization with Perturbation Response Curves9 Jun 2021
12 newest of 13 All 13 (JSON)