DeFlow: Learning Complex Image Degradations from Unpaired Data with Conditional Flows
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Abstract (arXiv)
The difficulty of obtaining paired data remains a major bottleneck for learning image restoration and enhancement models for real-world applications. Current strategies aim to synthesize realistic training data by modeling noise and degradations that appear in real-world settings. We propose DeFlow, a method for learning stochastic image degradations from unpaired data. Our approach is based on a novel unpaired learning formulation for conditional normalizing flows. We model the degradation process in the latent space of a shared flow encoder-decoder network. This allows us to learn the conditional distribution of a noisy image given the clean input by solely minimizing the negative log-likelihood of the marginal distributions. We validate our DeFlow formulation on the task of joint image restoration and super-resolution. The models trained with the synthetic data generated by DeFlow outperform previous learnable approaches on three recent datasets. Code and trained models are available at: https://github.com/volflow/DeFlow
Key facts. Cited by 30 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 26 of its 40 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Jan 2021.
Builds on
26 of 40 references.
References · 26
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- 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,029
- 2016Density estimation using Real NVPcited by 2,029
- 2018Glow: Generative Flow with Invertible 1x1 Convolutionscited by 1,539
- 2018ESRGAN: Enhanced Super-Resolution Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 1,250
- 2017CyCADA: Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Domain Adaptationcited by 1,079
- 2019Toward Real-World Single Image Super-Resolution: A New Benchmark and A New Modelcited by 400
- 2018Noise2Void - Learning Denoising from Single Noisy Imagescited by 359
- 2020SRFlow: Learning the Super-Resolution Space with Normalizing Flowcited by 209
- 2019Blind Super-Resolution Kernel Estimation using an Internal-GANcited by 175
- 2019Learning Likelihoods with Conditional Normalizing Flowscited by 170
- 2019High-Quality Self-Supervised Deep Image Denoisingcited by 161
14 more
- 2017DSLR-Quality Photos on Mobile Devices with Deep Convolutional Networkscited by 156
- 2019Guided Image Generation with Conditional Invertible Neural Networkscited by 147
- 2019Frequency Separation for Real-World Super-Resolutioncited by 115
- 2019Noise Flow: Noise Modeling with Conditional Normalizing Flowscited by 108
- 2018To learn image super-resolution, use a GAN to learn how to do image degradation firstcited by 94
- 2020Unsupervised Real-world Image Super Resolution via Domain-distance Aware Trainingcited by 83
- 2020NTIRE 2020 Challenge on Real-World Image Super-Resolution: Methods and Resultscited by 83
- 2020Unpaired Learning of Deep Image Denoisingcited by 74
- 2019Unsupervised Learning for Real-World Super-Resolutioncited by 64
- 2017CycleGAN, a Master of Steganographycited by 63
- 2019AIM 2019 Challenge on Real-World Image Super-Resolution: Methods and Resultscited by 34
- 2019AlignFlow: Cycle Consistent Learning from Multiple Domains via Normalizing Flowscited by 33
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 6; 2023: 4; 2024: 6; 2025: 2; 2026: 4.
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- 2021Low-Light Image Enhancement with Normalizing Flowcited by 184
- 2021Deep Burst Super-Resolutioncited by 83
- 2022Multiscale Structure Guided Diffusion for Image Deblurringcited by 76
- 2021Hierarchical Conditional Flow: A Unified Framework for Image Super-Resolution and Image Rescalingcited by 73
- 2024Towards Realistic Data Generation for Real-World Super-Resolutioncited by 56
- 2021Blind Image Super-resolution with Elaborate Degradation Modeling on Noise and Kernelcited by 27
- 2021Towards Low Light Enhancement with RAW Imagescited by 26
- 2023CDPMSR: Conditional Diffusion Probabilistic Models for Single Image Super-Resolutioncited by 21
- 2021A Systematic Survey of Deep Learning-based Single-Image Super-Resolutioncited by 19
- 2022Learn from Unpaired Data for Image Restoration: A Variational Bayes Approachcited by 18
- 2023ACDMSR: Accelerated Conditional Diffusion Models for Single Image Super-Resolutioncited by 18
- 2022Noise2NoiseFlow: Realistic Camera Noise Modeling without Clean Imagescited by 17
18 more
- 2021Go with the Flows: Mixtures of Normalizing Flows for Point Cloud Generation and Reconstructioncited by 16
- 2021Normalizing Flow as a Flexible Fidelity Objective for Photo-Realistic Super-resolutioncited by 10
- 2024DaLPSR: Leverage Degradation-Aligned Language Prompt for Real-World Image Super-Resolutioncited by 9
- 2022Learning Multiple Probabilistic Degradation Generators for Unsupervised Real World Image Super Resolutioncited by 6
- 2023Learning Many-to-Many Mapping for Unpaired Real-World Image Super-resolution and Downscalingcited by 6
- 2025Unsupervised Imaging Inverse Problems with Diffusion Distribution Matchingcited by 5
- 2024SeNM-VAE: Semi-Supervised Noise Modeling with Hierarchical Variational Autoencodercited by 4
- 2022Self-supervision versus synthetic datasets: which is the lesser evil in the context of video denoising?cited by 3
- 2022NFL: Robust Learned Index via Distribution Transformationcited by 3
- 2023Enhancing Low-Light Images Using Infrared-Encoded Imagescited by 1
- 2024Preserving Full Degradation Details for Blind Image Super-Resolutioncited by 1
- 2026Continuous Degradation Modeling via Latent Flow Matching for Real-World Super-Resolutioncited by 1
- 2024LoLiSRFlow: Joint Single Image Low-light Enhancement and Super-resolution via Cross-scale Transformer-based Conditional Flowcited by 0
- 2024Unsupervised Low-dose CT Reconstruction with One-way Conditional Normalizing Flowscited by 0
- 2025Generative Manifold Distillation: Aligning Restoration Trajectories with Natural Image Priorcited by 0
- 2026Unpaired Joint Distribution Modeling via Multi-Scale Image Representationscited by 0
- 2026sRGB Real Noise Modeling via Noise-Aware Sampling with Normalizing Flowscited by 0
- 2026Diffusion Based Unpaired Data Learning for Inverse Problemscited by 0
- 2026Diffusion Based Unpaired Data Learning for Inverse Problems1 Sep 2026
- 2026sRGB Real Noise Modeling via Noise-Aware Sampling with Normalizing Flows29 Aug 2026
- 2026Unpaired Joint Distribution Modeling via Multi-Scale Image Representations9 Jul 2026
- 2026Continuous Degradation Modeling via Latent Flow Matching for Real-World Super-Resolution4 Feb 2026
- 2025Generative Manifold Distillation: Aligning Restoration Trajectories with Natural Image Prior11 Dec 2025
- 2025Unsupervised Imaging Inverse Problems with Diffusion Distribution Matching17 Jun 2025
- 2024Unsupervised Low-dose CT Reconstruction with One-way Conditional Normalizing Flows23 Oct 2024
- 2024Preserving Full Degradation Details for Blind Image Super-Resolution1 Jul 2024
- 2024DaLPSR: Leverage Degradation-Aligned Language Prompt for Real-World Image Super-Resolution24 Jun 2024
- 2024Towards Realistic Data Generation for Real-World Super-Resolution11 Jun 2024
- 2024SeNM-VAE: Semi-Supervised Noise Modeling with Hierarchical Variational Autoencoder26 Mar 2024
- 2024LoLiSRFlow: Joint Single Image Low-light Enhancement and Super-resolution via Cross-scale Transformer-based Conditional Flow29 Feb 2024
18 more
- 2023Learning Many-to-Many Mapping for Unpaired Real-World Image Super-resolution and Downscaling8 Oct 2023
- 2023Enhancing Low-Light Images Using Infrared-Encoded Images9 Jul 2023
- 2023ACDMSR: Accelerated Conditional Diffusion Models for Single Image Super-Resolution3 Jul 2023
- 2023CDPMSR: Conditional Diffusion Probabilistic Models for Single Image Super-Resolution14 Feb 2023
- 2022Multiscale Structure Guided Diffusion for Image Deblurring4 Dec 2022
- 2022Noise2NoiseFlow: Realistic Camera Noise Modeling without Clean Images2 Jun 2022
- 2022NFL: Robust Learned Index via Distribution Transformation24 May 2022
- 2022Self-supervision versus synthetic datasets: which is the lesser evil in the context of video denoising?25 Apr 2022
- 2022Learn from Unpaired Data for Image Restoration: A Variational Bayes Approach21 Apr 2022
- 2022Learning Multiple Probabilistic Degradation Generators for Unsupervised Real World Image Super Resolution26 Jan 2022
- 2021Towards Low Light Enhancement with RAW Images28 Dec 2021
- 2021Normalizing Flow as a Flexible Fidelity Objective for Photo-Realistic Super-resolution5 Nov 2021
- 2021A Systematic Survey of Deep Learning-based Single-Image Super-Resolution29 Sep 2021
- 2021Low-Light Image Enhancement with Normalizing Flow13 Sep 2021
- 2021Hierarchical Conditional Flow: A Unified Framework for Image Super-Resolution and Image Rescaling11 Aug 2021
- 2021Blind Image Super-resolution with Elaborate Degradation Modeling on Noise and Kernel2 Jul 2021
- 2021Go with the Flows: Mixtures of Normalizing Flows for Point Cloud Generation and Reconstruction6 Jun 2021
- 2021Deep Burst Super-Resolution26 Jan 2021
- 2022Multiscale Structure Guided Diffusion for Image Deblurringcited by 76
- 2023CDPMSR: Conditional Diffusion Probabilistic Models for Single Image Super-Resolutioncited by 21
- 2023ACDMSR: Accelerated Conditional Diffusion Models for Single Image Super-Resolutioncited by 18
- 2024DaLPSR: Leverage Degradation-Aligned Language Prompt for Real-World Image Super-Resolutioncited by 9
- 2026Continuous Degradation Modeling via Latent Flow Matching for Real-World Super-Resolutioncited by 1
- 2026Continuous Degradation Modeling via Latent Flow Matching for Real-World Super-Resolution4 Feb 2026
- 2024DaLPSR: Leverage Degradation-Aligned Language Prompt for Real-World Image Super-Resolution24 Jun 2024
- 2023ACDMSR: Accelerated Conditional Diffusion Models for Single Image Super-Resolution3 Jul 2023
- 2023CDPMSR: Conditional Diffusion Probabilistic Models for Single Image Super-Resolution14 Feb 2023
- 2022Multiscale Structure Guided Diffusion for Image Deblurring4 Dec 2022
- 2021Low-Light Image Enhancement with Normalizing Flowcited by 184
- 2021Deep Burst Super-Resolutioncited by 83
- 2021Hierarchical Conditional Flow: A Unified Framework for Image Super-Resolution and Image Rescalingcited by 73
- 2024Towards Realistic Data Generation for Real-World Super-Resolutioncited by 56
- 2021Blind Image Super-resolution with Elaborate Degradation Modeling on Noise and Kernelcited by 27
- 2021Towards Low Light Enhancement with RAW Imagescited by 26
- 2021A Systematic Survey of Deep Learning-based Single-Image Super-Resolutioncited by 19
- 2022Learn from Unpaired Data for Image Restoration: A Variational Bayes Approachcited by 18
- 2022Noise2NoiseFlow: Realistic Camera Noise Modeling without Clean Imagescited by 17
- 2021Go with the Flows: Mixtures of Normalizing Flows for Point Cloud Generation and Reconstructioncited by 16
- 2021Normalizing Flow as a Flexible Fidelity Objective for Photo-Realistic Super-resolutioncited by 10
- 2022Learning Multiple Probabilistic Degradation Generators for Unsupervised Real World Image Super Resolutioncited by 6
12 most cited of 25 All 25 (JSON)
- 2026Diffusion Based Unpaired Data Learning for Inverse Problems1 Sep 2026
- 2026sRGB Real Noise Modeling via Noise-Aware Sampling with Normalizing Flows29 Aug 2026
- 2026Unpaired Joint Distribution Modeling via Multi-Scale Image Representations9 Jul 2026
- 2025Generative Manifold Distillation: Aligning Restoration Trajectories with Natural Image Prior11 Dec 2025
- 2025Unsupervised Imaging Inverse Problems with Diffusion Distribution Matching17 Jun 2025
- 2024Unsupervised Low-dose CT Reconstruction with One-way Conditional Normalizing Flows23 Oct 2024
- 2024Preserving Full Degradation Details for Blind Image Super-Resolution1 Jul 2024
- 2024Towards Realistic Data Generation for Real-World Super-Resolution11 Jun 2024
- 2024SeNM-VAE: Semi-Supervised Noise Modeling with Hierarchical Variational Autoencoder26 Mar 2024
- 2024LoLiSRFlow: Joint Single Image Low-light Enhancement and Super-resolution via Cross-scale Transformer-based Conditional Flow29 Feb 2024
- 2023Learning Many-to-Many Mapping for Unpaired Real-World Image Super-resolution and Downscaling8 Oct 2023
- 2023Enhancing Low-Light Images Using Infrared-Encoded Images9 Jul 2023
12 newest of 25 All 25 (JSON)