mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

DeFlow: Learning Complex Image Degradations from Unpaired Data with Conditional Flows

arXiv 2101.05796 ↗First posted 14 Jan 2021cs.CV cs.LG eess.IVcited by 30

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Abstract (arXiv)

The difficulty of obtaining paired data remains a major bottleneck for learning image restoration and enhancement models for real-world applications. Current strategies aim to synthesize realistic training data by modeling noise and degradations that appear in real-world settings. We propose DeFlow, a method for learning stochastic image degradations from unpaired data. Our approach is based on a novel unpaired learning formulation for conditional normalizing flows. We model the degradation process in the latent space of a shared flow encoder-decoder network. This allows us to learn the conditional distribution of a noisy image given the clean input by solely minimizing the negative log-likelihood of the marginal distributions. We validate our DeFlow formulation on the task of joint image restoration and super-resolution. The models trained with the synthetic data generated by DeFlow outperform previous learnable approaches on three recent datasets. Code and trained models are available at: https://github.com/volflow/DeFlow

Key facts. Cited by 30 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 26 of its 40 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Jan 2021.

Builds on

26 of 40 references.

References · 26

  1. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
  2. 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,029
  3. 2016Density estimation using Real NVPcited by 2,029
  4. 2018Glow: Generative Flow with Invertible 1x1 Convolutionscited by 1,539
  5. 2018ESRGAN: Enhanced Super-Resolution Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 1,250
  6. 2017CyCADA: Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Domain Adaptationcited by 1,079
  7. 2019Toward Real-World Single Image Super-Resolution: A New Benchmark and A New Modelcited by 400
  8. 2018Noise2Void - Learning Denoising from Single Noisy Imagescited by 359
  9. 2020SRFlow: Learning the Super-Resolution Space with Normalizing Flowcited by 209
  10. 2019Blind Super-Resolution Kernel Estimation using an Internal-GANcited by 175
  11. 2019Learning Likelihoods with Conditional Normalizing Flowscited by 170
  12. 2019High-Quality Self-Supervised Deep Image Denoisingcited by 161
14 more
  1. 2017DSLR-Quality Photos on Mobile Devices with Deep Convolutional Networkscited by 156
  2. 2019Guided Image Generation with Conditional Invertible Neural Networkscited by 147
  3. 2019Frequency Separation for Real-World Super-Resolutioncited by 115
  4. 2019Noise Flow: Noise Modeling with Conditional Normalizing Flowscited by 108
  5. 2018To learn image super-resolution, use a GAN to learn how to do image degradation firstcited by 94
  6. 2020Unsupervised Real-world Image Super Resolution via Domain-distance Aware Trainingcited by 83
  7. 2020NTIRE 2020 Challenge on Real-World Image Super-Resolution: Methods and Resultscited by 83
  8. 2020Unpaired Learning of Deep Image Denoisingcited by 74
  9. 2019Unsupervised Learning for Real-World Super-Resolutioncited by 64
  10. 2017CycleGAN, a Master of Steganographycited by 63
  11. 2019AIM 2019 Challenge on Real-World Image Super-Resolution: Methods and Resultscited by 34
  12. 2019AlignFlow: Cycle Consistent Learning from Multiple Domains via Normalizing Flowscited by 33
  13. 2019Fully Unsupervised Probabilistic Noise2Voidcited by 14
  14. 2018AdaFlow: Domain-Adaptive Density Estimator with Application to Anomaly Detection and Unpaired Cross-Domain Translationcited by 7

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 6; 2023: 4; 2024: 6; 2025: 2; 2026: 4.

30 papers.

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  1. 2021Low-Light Image Enhancement with Normalizing Flowcited by 184
  2. 2021Deep Burst Super-Resolutioncited by 83
  3. 2022Multiscale Structure Guided Diffusion for Image Deblurringcited by 76
  4. 2021Hierarchical Conditional Flow: A Unified Framework for Image Super-Resolution and Image Rescalingcited by 73
  5. 2024Towards Realistic Data Generation for Real-World Super-Resolutioncited by 56
  6. 2021Blind Image Super-resolution with Elaborate Degradation Modeling on Noise and Kernelcited by 27
  7. 2021Towards Low Light Enhancement with RAW Imagescited by 26
  8. 2023CDPMSR: Conditional Diffusion Probabilistic Models for Single Image Super-Resolutioncited by 21
  9. 2021A Systematic Survey of Deep Learning-based Single-Image Super-Resolutioncited by 19
  10. 2022Learn from Unpaired Data for Image Restoration: A Variational Bayes Approachcited by 18
  11. 2023ACDMSR: Accelerated Conditional Diffusion Models for Single Image Super-Resolutioncited by 18
  12. 2022Noise2NoiseFlow: Realistic Camera Noise Modeling without Clean Imagescited by 17
18 more
  1. 2021Go with the Flows: Mixtures of Normalizing Flows for Point Cloud Generation and Reconstructioncited by 16
  2. 2021Normalizing Flow as a Flexible Fidelity Objective for Photo-Realistic Super-resolutioncited by 10
  3. 2024DaLPSR: Leverage Degradation-Aligned Language Prompt for Real-World Image Super-Resolutioncited by 9
  4. 2022Learning Multiple Probabilistic Degradation Generators for Unsupervised Real World Image Super Resolutioncited by 6
  5. 2023Learning Many-to-Many Mapping for Unpaired Real-World Image Super-resolution and Downscalingcited by 6
  6. 2025Unsupervised Imaging Inverse Problems with Diffusion Distribution Matchingcited by 5
  7. 2024SeNM-VAE: Semi-Supervised Noise Modeling with Hierarchical Variational Autoencodercited by 4
  8. 2022Self-supervision versus synthetic datasets: which is the lesser evil in the context of video denoising?cited by 3
  9. 2022NFL: Robust Learned Index via Distribution Transformationcited by 3
  10. 2023Enhancing Low-Light Images Using Infrared-Encoded Imagescited by 1
  11. 2024Preserving Full Degradation Details for Blind Image Super-Resolutioncited by 1
  12. 2026Continuous Degradation Modeling via Latent Flow Matching for Real-World Super-Resolutioncited by 1
  13. 2024LoLiSRFlow: Joint Single Image Low-light Enhancement and Super-resolution via Cross-scale Transformer-based Conditional Flowcited by 0
  14. 2024Unsupervised Low-dose CT Reconstruction with One-way Conditional Normalizing Flowscited by 0
  15. 2025Generative Manifold Distillation: Aligning Restoration Trajectories with Natural Image Priorcited by 0
  16. 2026Unpaired Joint Distribution Modeling via Multi-Scale Image Representationscited by 0
  17. 2026sRGB Real Noise Modeling via Noise-Aware Sampling with Normalizing Flowscited by 0
  18. 2026Diffusion Based Unpaired Data Learning for Inverse Problemscited by 0