mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

CPM: A Large-scale Generative Chinese Pre-trained Language Model

arXiv 2012.00413 ↗First posted 1 Dec 2020cs.CLcited by 60

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Abstract (arXiv)

Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) have proven to be beneficial for various downstream NLP tasks. Recently, GPT-3, with 175 billion parameters and 570GB training data, drew a lot of attention due to the capacity of few-shot (even zero-shot) learning. However, applying GPT-3 to address Chinese NLP tasks is still challenging, as the training corpus of GPT-3 is primarily English, and the parameters are not publicly available. In this technical report, we release the Chinese Pre-trained Language Model (CPM) with generative pre-training on large-scale Chinese training data. To the best of our knowledge, CPM, with 2.6 billion parameters and 100GB Chinese training data, is the largest Chinese pre-trained language model, which could facilitate several downstream Chinese NLP tasks, such as conversation, essay generation, cloze test, and language understanding. Extensive experiments demonstrate that CPM achieves strong performance on many NLP tasks in the settings of few-shot (even zero-shot) learning. The code and parameters are available at https://github.com/TsinghuaAI/CPM-Generate.

Key facts. Cited by 60 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 1 Dec 2020.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 19; 2022: 21; 2023: 9; 2024: 7; 2025: 4.

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  1. 2021Pre-train, Prompt, and Predict: A Systematic Survey of Prompting Methods in Natural Language Processingcited by 2,222
  2. 2021Pre-Trained Models: Past, Present and Futurecited by 319
  3. 2021ERNIE 3.0: Large-scale Knowledge Enhanced Pre-training for Language Understanding and Generationcited by 258
  4. 2022Black-Box Tuning for Language-Model-as-a-Servicecited by 254
  5. 2022Compute Trends Across Three Eras of Machine Learningcited by 161
  6. 2021PanGu-α: Large-scale Autoregressive Pretrained Chinese Language Models with Auto-parallel Computationcited by 134
  7. 2022A Survey of Controllable Text Generation using Transformer-based Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 128
  8. 2022Pretrained Language Models for Text Generation: A Surveycited by 121
  9. 2023WebCPM: Interactive Web Search for Chinese Long-form Question Answeringcited by 93
  10. 2021A Survey on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processingcited by 89
  11. 2023At Which Training Stage Does Code Data Help LLMs Reasoning?cited by 82
  12. 2021CPT: A Pre-Trained Unbalanced Transformer for Both Chinese Language Understanding and Generationcited by 81
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  2. 2022COLD: A Benchmark for Chinese Offensive Language Detectioncited by 74
  3. 2021ChineseBERT: Chinese Pretraining Enhanced by Glyph and Pinyin Informationcited by 65
  4. 2024Model Compression and Efficient Inference for Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 62
  5. 2022In conversation with Artificial Intelligence: aligning language models with human valuescited by 61
  6. 2023PanGu-Sigma: Towards Trillion Parameter Language Model with Sparse Heterogeneous Computingcited by 55
  7. 2022ZeroPrompt: Scaling Prompt-Based Pretraining to 1,000 Tasks Improves Zero-Shot Generalizationcited by 54
  8. 2021CPM-2: Large-scale Cost-effective Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 52
  9. 2023Large Multilingual Models Pivot Zero-Shot Multimodal Learning across Languagescited by 52
  10. 2021Mengzi: Towards Lightweight yet Ingenious Pre-trained Models for Chinesecited by 45
  11. 2022Machine Learning Model Sizes and the Parameter Gapcited by 39
  12. 2021PLATO-XL: Exploring the Large-scale Pre-training of Dialogue Generationcited by 37
  13. 2022Towards Identifying Social Bias in Dialog Systems: Frame, Datasets, and Benchmarkscited by 36
  14. 2021Yuan 1.0: Large-Scale Pre-trained Language Model in Zero-Shot and Few-Shot Learningcited by 35
  15. 2021EVA: An Open-Domain Chinese Dialogue System with Large-Scale Generative Pre-Trainingcited by 34
  16. 2021M6-10T: A Sharing-Delinking Paradigm for Efficient Multi-Trillion Parameter Pretrainingcited by 31
  17. 2022EVA2.0: Investigating Open-Domain Chinese Dialogue Systems with Large-Scale Pre-Trainingcited by 31
  18. 2021Controllable Generation from Pre-trained Language Models via Inverse Promptingcited by 29
  19. 2024The Same But Different: Structural Similarities and Differences in Multilingual Language Modelingcited by 27
  20. 2023FedBPT: Efficient Federated Black-box Prompt Tuning for Large Language Modelscited by 25
  21. 2021LOT: A Story-Centric Benchmark for Evaluating Chinese Long Text Understanding and Generationcited by 24
  22. 2022WeLM: A Well-Read Pre-trained Language Model for Chinesecited by 19
  23. 2022JiuZhang: A Chinese Pre-trained Language Model for Mathematical Problem Understandingcited by 15
  24. 2022SLING: Sino Linguistic Evaluation of Large Language Modelscited by 15
  25. 2024Can Pre-trained Language Models Understand Chinese Humor?cited by 13
  26. 2022Domain-Specific Text Generation for Machine Translationcited by 12
  27. 2023ChatGPT: Vision and Challengescited by 11
  28. 2024SambaLingo: Teaching Large Language Models New Languagescited by 11
  29. 2022Exploring and Adapting Chinese GPT to Pinyin Input Methodcited by 8
  30. 2022Nominal Metaphor Generation with Multitask Learningcited by 8
  31. 2021Sub-Character Tokenization for Chinese Pretrained Language Modelscited by 7
  32. 2022Can Language Models Make Fun? A Case Study in Chinese Comical Crosstalkcited by 6
  33. 2022Revisiting and Advancing Chinese Natural Language Understanding with Accelerated Heterogeneous Knowledge Pre-trainingcited by 6
  34. 2024Knowledge Graph Tuning: Real-time Large Language Model Personalization based on Human Feedbackcited by 6
  35. 2023STADEE: STAtistics-based DEEp Detection of Machine Generated Textcited by 4
  36. 2025Uncovering the Fragility of Trustworthy LLMs through Chinese Textual Ambiguitycited by 4
  37. 2022Attract me to Buy: Advertisement Copywriting Generation with Multimodal Multi-structured Informationcited by 3
  38. 2022FewFedWeight: Few-shot Federated Learning Framework across Multiple NLP Taskscited by 3

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