Towards Domain-Agnostic Contrastive Learning
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Abstract (arXiv)
Despite recent success, most contrastive self-supervised learning methods are domain-specific, relying heavily on data augmentation techniques that require knowledge about a particular domain, such as image cropping and rotation. To overcome such limitation, we propose a novel domain-agnostic approach to contrastive learning, named DACL, that is applicable to domains where invariances, and thus, data augmentation techniques, are not readily available. Key to our approach is the use of Mixup noise to create similar and dissimilar examples by mixing data samples differently either at the input or hidden-state levels. To demonstrate the effectiveness of DACL, we conduct experiments across various domains such as tabular data, images, and graphs. Our results show that DACL not only outperforms other domain-agnostic noising methods, such as Gaussian-noise, but also combines well with domain-specific methods, such as SimCLR, to improve self-supervised visual representation learning. Finally, we theoretically analyze our method and show advantages over the Gaussian-noise based contrastive learning approach.
Key facts. Cited by 75 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 9 Nov 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 17; 2022: 18; 2023: 16; 2024: 15; 2025: 7; 2026: 2.
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- 2021Graph Self-Supervised Learning: A Surveycited by 289
- 2021Self-supervised Learning on Graphs: Contrastive, Generative,or Predictivecited by 136
- 2021An Empirical Study of Graph Contrastive Learningcited by 113
- 2021BYOL for Audio: Self-Supervised Learning for General-Purpose Audio Representationcited by 106
- 2021Representational Continuity for Unsupervised Continual Learningcited by 95
- 2021Extending the WILDS Benchmark for Unsupervised Adaptationcited by 85
- 2022Knowledge Graph Contrastive Learning for Recommendationcited by 69
- 2021Equivariant Contrastive Learningcited by 65
- 2022Rethinking the Augmentation Module in Contrastive Learning: Learning Hierarchical Augmentation Invariance with Expanded Viewscited by 37
- 2025Representation Learning for Tabular Data: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 36
- 2022Your Contrastive Learning Is Secretly Doing Stochastic Neighbor Embeddingcited by 28
- 2022A Simple Data Mixing Prior for Improving Self-Supervised Learningcited by 27
38 more
- 2024Data Augmentation of Contrastive Learning is Estimating Positive-incentive Noisecited by 25
- 2021Augmentations in Graph Contrastive Learning: Current Methodological Flaws & Towards Better Practicescited by 24
- 2021Boosting Discriminative Visual Representation Learning with Scenario-Agnostic Mixupcited by 22
- 2021Towards Understanding the Data Dependency of Mixup-style Trainingcited by 19
- 2023Finding Order in Chaos: A Novel Data Augmentation Method for Time Series in Contrastive Learningcited by 18
- 2024A Survey on Mixup Augmentations and Beyondcited by 18
- 2022Harnessing Hard Mixed Samples with Decoupled Regularizercited by 17
- 2024Improving Medical Multi-modal Contrastive Learning with Expert Annotationscited by 16
- 2022MetAug: Contrastive Learning via Meta Feature Augmentationcited by 15
- 2023Fine-Grained Classification with Noisy Labelscited by 15
- 2023Graph Mixup with Soft Alignmentscited by 15
- 2025Learn Beneficial Noise as Graph Augmentationcited by 15
- 2022Provably Learning Diverse Features in Multi-View Data with Midpoint Mixupcited by 14
- 2022CL4CTR: A Contrastive Learning Framework for CTR Predictioncited by 14
- 2023Unsupervised Representation Learning for Time Series: A Reviewcited by 14
- 2023Self-supervised Representation Learning From Random Data Projectorscited by 14
- 2024Parametric Augmentation for Time Series Contrastive Learningcited by 12
- 2021Revisiting Contrastive Learning through the Lens of Neighborhood Component Analysis: an Integrated Frameworkcited by 11
- 2023Data-Efficient Multimodal Fusion on a Single GPUcited by 11
- 2024Understanding Hyperbolic Metric Learning through Hard Negative Samplingcited by 10
- 2023Affinity Uncertainty-based Hard Negative Mining in Graph Contrastive Learningcited by 9
- 2023Hierarchical Skeleton Meta-Prototype Contrastive Learning with Hard Skeleton Mining for Unsupervised Person Re-Identificationcited by 9
- 2024GTC: GNN-Transformer Co-contrastive Learning for Self-supervised Heterogeneous Graph Representationcited by 9
- 2022Exploring Representation-Level Augmentation for Code Searchcited by 8
- 2021A Theory-Driven Self-Labeling Refinement Method for Contrastive Representation Learningcited by 7
- 2022Supervised Contrastive Learning for Recommendationcited by 7
- 2022MetaMask: Revisiting Dimensional Confounder for Self-Supervised Learningcited by 7
- 2021Improving Tail-Class Representation with Centroid Contrastive Learningcited by 6
- 2022Randomized Quantization: A Generic Augmentation for Data Agnostic Self-supervised Learningcited by 6
- 2022MixupE: Understanding and Improving Mixup from Directional Derivative Perspectivecited by 6
- 2023Provable Benefit of Mixup for Finding Optimal Decision Boundariescited by 6
- 2023Stochastic Re-weighted Gradient Descent via Distributionally Robust Optimizationcited by 6
- 2023Inter-Instance Similarity Modeling for Contrastive Learningcited by 6
- 2024Contrastive Graph Condensation: Advancing Data Versatility through Self-Supervised Learningcited by 6
- 2025CAMeL: Cross-modality Adaptive Meta-Learning for Text-based Person Retrievalcited by 6
- 2021Self-Contrastive Learning: Single-viewed Supervised Contrastive Framework using Sub-networkcited by 5
- 2023Modality-Agnostic Self-Supervised Learning with Meta-Learned Masked Auto-Encodercited by 5
- 2024Guidelines for Augmentation Selection in Contrastive Learning for Time Series Classificationcited by 5
50 most cited of 75 All 75 (JSON)
- 2026SimReg: Achieving Higher Performance in the Pretraining via Embedding Similarity Regularization9 May 2026
- 2026CPCANet: Deep Unfolding Common Principal Component Analysis for Domain Generalization6 May 2026
- 2025Learning Without Augmenting: Unsupervised Time Series Representation Learning via Frame Projections26 Oct 2025
- 2025LLM Empowered Prototype Learning for Zero and Few-Shot Tasks on Tabular Data12 Aug 2025
- 2025Improving Joint Embedding Predictive Architecture with Diffusion Noise21 Jul 2025
- 2025Graph Prompting for Graph Learning Models: Recent Advances and Future Directions10 Jun 2025
- 2025Learn Beneficial Noise as Graph Augmentation25 May 2025
- 2025CAMeL: Cross-modality Adaptive Meta-Learning for Text-based Person Retrieval26 Apr 2025
- 2025Representation Learning for Tabular Data: A Comprehensive Survey17 Apr 2025
- 2024Rethinking Generalizability and Discriminability of Self-Supervised Learning from Evolutionary Game Theory Perspective30 Nov 2024
- 2024Contrastive Graph Condensation: Advancing Data Versatility through Self-Supervised Learning26 Nov 2024
- 2024Feature Augmentation for Self-supervised Contrastive Learning: A Closer Look16 Oct 2024
38 more
- 2024StatioCL: Contrastive Learning for Time Series via Non-Stationary and Temporal Contrast14 Oct 2024
- 2024A Survey on Mixup Augmentations and Beyond8 Sep 2024
- 2024Data Augmentation of Contrastive Learning is Estimating Positive-incentive Noise19 Aug 2024
- 2024Guidelines for Augmentation Selection in Contrastive Learning for Time Series Classification12 Jul 2024
- 2024WV-Net: A foundation model for SAR WV-mode satellite imagery trained using contrastive self-supervised learning on 10 million images26 Jun 2024
- 2024Negative as Positive: Enhancing Out-of-distribution Generalization for Graph Contrastive Learning25 May 2024
- 2024Understanding Hyperbolic Metric Learning through Hard Negative Sampling23 Apr 2024
- 2024GTC: GNN-Transformer Co-contrastive Learning for Self-supervised Heterogeneous Graph Representation22 Mar 2024
- 2024Improving Medical Multi-modal Contrastive Learning with Expert Annotations15 Mar 2024
- 2024Self-Supervised Representation Learning with Meta Comprehensive Regularization3 Mar 2024
- 2024StiefelGen: A Simple, Model Agnostic Approach for Time Series Data Augmentation over Riemannian Manifolds29 Feb 2024
- 2024Parametric Augmentation for Time Series Contrastive Learning16 Feb 2024
- 2023Data-Efficient Multimodal Fusion on a Single GPU15 Dec 2023
- 2023Modality-Agnostic Self-Supervised Learning with Meta-Learned Masked Auto-Encoder25 Oct 2023
- 2023Self-supervised Representation Learning From Random Data Projectors11 Oct 2023
- 2023Finding Order in Chaos: A Novel Data Augmentation Method for Time Series in Contrastive Learning23 Sep 2023
- 2023Information Theory-Guided Heuristic Progressive Multi-View Coding21 Aug 2023
- 2023Robust Fraud Detection via Supervised Contrastive Learning19 Aug 2023
- 2023Unsupervised Representation Learning for Time Series: A Review3 Aug 2023
- 2023Pretrained deep models outperform GBDTs in Learning-To-Rank under label scarcity31 Jul 2023
- 2023Hierarchical Skeleton Meta-Prototype Contrastive Learning with Hard Skeleton Mining for Unsupervised Person Re-Identification24 Jul 2023
- 2023Inter-Instance Similarity Modeling for Contrastive Learning21 Jun 2023
- 2023Stochastic Re-weighted Gradient Descent via Distributionally Robust Optimization15 Jun 2023
- 2023Graph Mixup with Soft Alignments11 Jun 2023
- 2023Provable Benefit of Mixup for Finding Optimal Decision Boundaries1 Jun 2023
- 2023Fine-Grained Classification with Noisy Labels4 Mar 2023
- 2023Multispectral Contrastive Learning with Viewmaker Networks11 Feb 2023
- 2023Affinity Uncertainty-based Hard Negative Mining in Graph Contrastive Learning31 Jan 2023
- 2022MixupE: Understanding and Improving Mixup from Directional Derivative Perspective27 Dec 2022
- 2022Randomized Quantization: A Generic Augmentation for Data Agnostic Self-supervised Learning19 Dec 2022
- 2022CL4CTR: A Contrastive Learning Framework for CTR Prediction1 Dec 2022
- 2022Okapi: Generalising Better by Making Statistical Matches Match7 Nov 2022
- 2022Provably Learning Diverse Features in Multi-View Data with Midpoint Mixup24 Oct 2022
- 2022Exploring Representation-Level Augmentation for Code Search21 Oct 2022
- 2022MetaMask: Revisiting Dimensional Confounder for Self-Supervised Learning16 Sep 2022
- 2022Contrastive Environmental Sound Representation Learning18 Jul 2022
- 2022MET: Masked Encoding for Tabular Data17 Jun 2022
- 2022A Simple Data Mixing Prior for Improving Self-Supervised Learning15 Jun 2022
50 newest of 75 All 75 (JSON)
- 2021Graph Self-Supervised Learning: A Surveycited by 289
- 2021Self-supervised Learning on Graphs: Contrastive, Generative,or Predictivecited by 136
- 2021An Empirical Study of Graph Contrastive Learningcited by 113
- 2021BYOL for Audio: Self-Supervised Learning for General-Purpose Audio Representationcited by 106
- 2021Representational Continuity for Unsupervised Continual Learningcited by 95
- 2021Extending the WILDS Benchmark for Unsupervised Adaptationcited by 85
- 2022Knowledge Graph Contrastive Learning for Recommendationcited by 69
- 2021Equivariant Contrastive Learningcited by 65
- 2022Rethinking the Augmentation Module in Contrastive Learning: Learning Hierarchical Augmentation Invariance with Expanded Viewscited by 37
- 2025Representation Learning for Tabular Data: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 36
- 2022Your Contrastive Learning Is Secretly Doing Stochastic Neighbor Embeddingcited by 28
- 2022A Simple Data Mixing Prior for Improving Self-Supervised Learningcited by 27
12 most cited of 73 All 73 (JSON)
- 2026CPCANet: Deep Unfolding Common Principal Component Analysis for Domain Generalization6 May 2026
- 2025Learning Without Augmenting: Unsupervised Time Series Representation Learning via Frame Projections26 Oct 2025
- 2025LLM Empowered Prototype Learning for Zero and Few-Shot Tasks on Tabular Data12 Aug 2025
- 2025Graph Prompting for Graph Learning Models: Recent Advances and Future Directions10 Jun 2025
- 2025Learn Beneficial Noise as Graph Augmentation25 May 2025
- 2025CAMeL: Cross-modality Adaptive Meta-Learning for Text-based Person Retrieval26 Apr 2025
- 2025Representation Learning for Tabular Data: A Comprehensive Survey17 Apr 2025
- 2024Rethinking Generalizability and Discriminability of Self-Supervised Learning from Evolutionary Game Theory Perspective30 Nov 2024
- 2024Contrastive Graph Condensation: Advancing Data Versatility through Self-Supervised Learning26 Nov 2024
- 2024Feature Augmentation for Self-supervised Contrastive Learning: A Closer Look16 Oct 2024
- 2024StatioCL: Contrastive Learning for Time Series via Non-Stationary and Temporal Contrast14 Oct 2024
- 2024A Survey on Mixup Augmentations and Beyond8 Sep 2024
12 newest of 73 All 73 (JSON)