mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Towards Domain-Agnostic Contrastive Learning

arXiv 2011.04419 ↗First posted 9 Nov 2020cs.LG cs.AI stat.MLcited by 75

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Abstract (arXiv)

Despite recent success, most contrastive self-supervised learning methods are domain-specific, relying heavily on data augmentation techniques that require knowledge about a particular domain, such as image cropping and rotation. To overcome such limitation, we propose a novel domain-agnostic approach to contrastive learning, named DACL, that is applicable to domains where invariances, and thus, data augmentation techniques, are not readily available. Key to our approach is the use of Mixup noise to create similar and dissimilar examples by mixing data samples differently either at the input or hidden-state levels. To demonstrate the effectiveness of DACL, we conduct experiments across various domains such as tabular data, images, and graphs. Our results show that DACL not only outperforms other domain-agnostic noising methods, such as Gaussian-noise, but also combines well with domain-specific methods, such as SimCLR, to improve self-supervised visual representation learning. Finally, we theoretically analyze our method and show advantages over the Gaussian-noise based contrastive learning approach.

Key facts. Cited by 75 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 9 Nov 2020.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 17; 2022: 18; 2023: 16; 2024: 15; 2025: 7; 2026: 2.

75 papers.

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  1. 2021Graph Self-Supervised Learning: A Surveycited by 289
  2. 2021Self-supervised Learning on Graphs: Contrastive, Generative,or Predictivecited by 136
  3. 2021An Empirical Study of Graph Contrastive Learningcited by 113
  4. 2021BYOL for Audio: Self-Supervised Learning for General-Purpose Audio Representationcited by 106
  5. 2021Representational Continuity for Unsupervised Continual Learningcited by 95
  6. 2021Extending the WILDS Benchmark for Unsupervised Adaptationcited by 85
  7. 2022Knowledge Graph Contrastive Learning for Recommendationcited by 69
  8. 2021Equivariant Contrastive Learningcited by 65
  9. 2022Rethinking the Augmentation Module in Contrastive Learning: Learning Hierarchical Augmentation Invariance with Expanded Viewscited by 37
  10. 2025Representation Learning for Tabular Data: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 36
  11. 2022Your Contrastive Learning Is Secretly Doing Stochastic Neighbor Embeddingcited by 28
  12. 2022A Simple Data Mixing Prior for Improving Self-Supervised Learningcited by 27
38 more
  1. 2024Data Augmentation of Contrastive Learning is Estimating Positive-incentive Noisecited by 25
  2. 2021Augmentations in Graph Contrastive Learning: Current Methodological Flaws & Towards Better Practicescited by 24
  3. 2021Boosting Discriminative Visual Representation Learning with Scenario-Agnostic Mixupcited by 22
  4. 2021Towards Understanding the Data Dependency of Mixup-style Trainingcited by 19
  5. 2023Finding Order in Chaos: A Novel Data Augmentation Method for Time Series in Contrastive Learningcited by 18
  6. 2024A Survey on Mixup Augmentations and Beyondcited by 18
  7. 2022Harnessing Hard Mixed Samples with Decoupled Regularizercited by 17
  8. 2024Improving Medical Multi-modal Contrastive Learning with Expert Annotationscited by 16
  9. 2022MetAug: Contrastive Learning via Meta Feature Augmentationcited by 15
  10. 2023Fine-Grained Classification with Noisy Labelscited by 15
  11. 2023Graph Mixup with Soft Alignmentscited by 15
  12. 2025Learn Beneficial Noise as Graph Augmentationcited by 15
  13. 2022Provably Learning Diverse Features in Multi-View Data with Midpoint Mixupcited by 14
  14. 2022CL4CTR: A Contrastive Learning Framework for CTR Predictioncited by 14
  15. 2023Unsupervised Representation Learning for Time Series: A Reviewcited by 14
  16. 2023Self-supervised Representation Learning From Random Data Projectorscited by 14
  17. 2024Parametric Augmentation for Time Series Contrastive Learningcited by 12
  18. 2021Revisiting Contrastive Learning through the Lens of Neighborhood Component Analysis: an Integrated Frameworkcited by 11
  19. 2023Data-Efficient Multimodal Fusion on a Single GPUcited by 11
  20. 2024Understanding Hyperbolic Metric Learning through Hard Negative Samplingcited by 10
  21. 2023Affinity Uncertainty-based Hard Negative Mining in Graph Contrastive Learningcited by 9
  22. 2023Hierarchical Skeleton Meta-Prototype Contrastive Learning with Hard Skeleton Mining for Unsupervised Person Re-Identificationcited by 9
  23. 2024GTC: GNN-Transformer Co-contrastive Learning for Self-supervised Heterogeneous Graph Representationcited by 9
  24. 2022Exploring Representation-Level Augmentation for Code Searchcited by 8
  25. 2021A Theory-Driven Self-Labeling Refinement Method for Contrastive Representation Learningcited by 7
  26. 2022Supervised Contrastive Learning for Recommendationcited by 7
  27. 2022MetaMask: Revisiting Dimensional Confounder for Self-Supervised Learningcited by 7
  28. 2021Improving Tail-Class Representation with Centroid Contrastive Learningcited by 6
  29. 2022Randomized Quantization: A Generic Augmentation for Data Agnostic Self-supervised Learningcited by 6
  30. 2022MixupE: Understanding and Improving Mixup from Directional Derivative Perspectivecited by 6
  31. 2023Provable Benefit of Mixup for Finding Optimal Decision Boundariescited by 6
  32. 2023Stochastic Re-weighted Gradient Descent via Distributionally Robust Optimizationcited by 6
  33. 2023Inter-Instance Similarity Modeling for Contrastive Learningcited by 6
  34. 2024Contrastive Graph Condensation: Advancing Data Versatility through Self-Supervised Learningcited by 6
  35. 2025CAMeL: Cross-modality Adaptive Meta-Learning for Text-based Person Retrievalcited by 6
  36. 2021Self-Contrastive Learning: Single-viewed Supervised Contrastive Framework using Sub-networkcited by 5
  37. 2023Modality-Agnostic Self-Supervised Learning with Meta-Learned Masked Auto-Encodercited by 5
  38. 2024Guidelines for Augmentation Selection in Contrastive Learning for Time Series Classificationcited by 5

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