PairRE: Knowledge Graph Embeddings via Paired Relation Vectors
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Abstract (arXiv)
Distance based knowledge graph embedding methods show promising results on link prediction task, on which two topics have been widely studied: one is the ability to handle complex relations, such as N-to-1, 1-to-N and N-to-N, the other is to encode various relation patterns, such as symmetry/antisymmetry. However, the existing methods fail to solve these two problems at the same time, which leads to unsatisfactory results. To mitigate this problem, we propose PairRE, a model with paired vectors for each relation representation. The paired vectors enable an adaptive adjustment of the margin in loss function to fit for complex relations. Besides, PairRE is capable of encoding three important relation patterns, symmetry/antisymmetry, inverse and composition. Given simple constraints on relation representations, PairRE can encode subrelation further. Experiments on link prediction benchmarks demonstrate the proposed key capabilities of PairRE. Moreover, We set a new state-of-the-art on two knowledge graph datasets of the challenging Open Graph Benchmark.
Key facts. Cited by 67 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 7 Nov 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 18; 2023: 11; 2024: 19; 2025: 8; 2026: 5.
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- 2021Neural Bellman-Ford Networks: A General Graph Neural Network Framework for Link Predictioncited by 273
- 2022A Survey of Knowledge Graph Reasoning on Graph Types: Static, Dynamic, and Multimodalcited by 106
- 2022A*Net: A Scalable Path-based Reasoning Approach for Knowledge Graphscited by 49
- 2022Knowledge Graph Embedding: A Survey from the Perspective of Representation Spacescited by 41
- 2024NativE: Multi-modal Knowledge Graph Completion in the Wildcited by 23
- 2021How Does Knowledge Graph Embedding Extrapolate to Unseen Data: A Semantic Evidence Viewcited by 17
- 2024Tokenization, Fusion, and Augmentation: Towards Fine-grained Multi-modal Entity Representationcited by 14
- 2024Multiple Heads are Better than One: Mixture of Modality Knowledge Experts for Entity Representation Learningcited by 13
- 2022SMiLE: Schema-augmented Multi-level Contrastive Learning for Knowledge Graph Link Predictioncited by 12
- 2021Bilinear Scoring Function Search for Knowledge Graph Learningcited by 11
- 2022CompoundE: Knowledge Graph Embedding with Translation, Rotation and Scaling Compound Operationscited by 10
- 2022TripleRE: Knowledge Graph Embeddings via Tripled Relation Vectorscited by 10
38 more
- 2023Knowledge Graph Embedding: An Overviewcited by 10
- 2024Chain of History: Learning and Forecasting with LLMs for Temporal Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 10
- 2024Unleashing the Power of Imbalanced Modality Information for Multi-modal Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 10
- 2022GreenKGC: A Lightweight Knowledge Graph Completion Methodcited by 9
- 2022TranS: Transition-based Knowledge Graph Embedding with Synthetic Relation Representationcited by 7
- 2022TranSHER: Translating Knowledge Graph Embedding with Hyper-Ellipsoidal Restrictioncited by 7
- 2024Generalizing Knowledge Graph Embedding with Universal Orthogonal Parameterizationcited by 7
- 2024Start from Zero: Triple Set Prediction for Automatic Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 7
- 2022InterHT: Knowledge Graph Embeddings by Interaction between Head and Tail Entitiescited by 6
- 2022STaR: Knowledge Graph Embedding by Scaling, Translation and Rotationcited by 6
- 2022Inductive Knowledge Graph Reasoning for Multi-batch Emerging Entitiescited by 6
- 2022Mitigating Relational Bias on Knowledge Graphscited by 6
- 2024Deep Outdated Fact Detection in Knowledge Graphscited by 6
- 2021Triple Classification for Scholarly Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 5
- 2022PIE: a Parameter and Inference Efficient Solution for Large Scale Knowledge Graph Embedding Reasoningcited by 4
- 2022Simple and Effective Relation-based Embedding Propagation for Knowledge Representation Learningcited by 3
- 2023Analogical Inference Enhanced Knowledge Graph Embeddingcited by 3
- 2023Knowledge Graph Embedding with 3D Compound Geometric Transformationscited by 3
- 2023HaSa: Hardness and Structure-Aware Contrastive Knowledge Graph Embeddingcited by 3
- 2023A Comprehensive Study on Knowledge Graph Embedding over Relational Patterns Based on Rule Learningcited by 3
- 2024Knowledge Graph Reasoning with Self-supervised Reinforcement Learningcited by 3
- 2024Simple but Effective Compound Geometric Operations for Temporal Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 3
- 2025From Symbolic to Neural and Back: Exploring Knowledge Graph-Large Language Model Synergiescited by 3
- 2026S-Path-RAG: Semantic-Aware Shortest-Path Retrieval Augmented Generation for Multi-Hop Knowledge Graph Question Answeringcited by 3
- 2021What is Learned in Knowledge Graph Embeddings?cited by 2
- 2022Graph Representation Learning Beyond Node and Homophilycited by 2
- 2022StarGraph: Knowledge Representation Learning based on Incomplete Two-hop Subgraphcited by 2
- 2023To Copy Rather Than Memorize: A Vertical Learning Paradigm for Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 2
- 2023TransERR: Translation-based Knowledge Graph Embedding via Efficient Relation Rotationcited by 2
- 2024PAC-Bayesian Generalization Bounds for Knowledge Graph Representation Learningcited by 2
- 2024The Role of Graph Topology in the Performance of Biomedical Knowledge Graph Completion Modelscited by 2
- 2024MARS: A neurosymbolic approach for interpretable drug discoverycited by 2
- 2024Knowledge Graph Embeddings: A Comprehensive Survey on Capturing Relation Propertiescited by 2
- 2021Is There More Pattern in Knowledge Graph? Exploring Proximity Pattern for Knowledge Graph Embeddingcited by 1
- 20233D Rotation and Translation for Hyperbolic Knowledge Graph Embeddingcited by 1
- 2023CausE: Towards Causal Knowledge Graph Embeddingcited by 1
- 2024KC-GenRe: A Knowledge-constrained Generative Re-ranking Method Based on Large Language Models for Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 1
- 2025Diffusion-based Hierarchical Negative Sampling for Multimodal Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 1
50 most cited of 67 All 67 (JSON)
- 2026Pattern Over-Generalization of Knowledge Graph Embedding3 Sep 2026
- 2026RADD: Retrieval-Augmented Discrete Diffusion for Multi-Modal Knowledge Graph Completion28 Apr 2026
- 2026One Pass for All: A Discrete Diffusion Model for Knowledge Graph Triple Set Prediction20 Apr 2026
- 2026S-Path-RAG: Semantic-Aware Shortest-Path Retrieval Augmented Generation for Multi-Hop Knowledge Graph Question Answering5 Mar 2026
- 2026Improving Enzyme Prediction with Chemical Reaction Equations by Hypergraph-Enhanced Knowledge Graph Embeddings8 Jan 2026
- 2025SKGE: Spherical Knowledge Graph Embedding with Geometric Regularization4 Nov 2025
- 2025Complementarity-driven Representation Learning for Multi-modal Knowledge Graph Completion28 Jul 2025
- 2025How do Probabilistic Graphical Models and Graph Neural Networks Look at Network Data?13 Jun 2025
- 2025From Symbolic to Neural and Back: Exploring Knowledge Graph-Large Language Model Synergies11 Jun 2025
- 2025RSCF: Relation-Semantics Consistent Filter for Entity Embedding of Knowledge Graph27 May 2025
- 2025QuatE-D: A Distance-Based Quaternion Model for Knowledge Graph Embedding18 Apr 2025
- 2025Transformer-Based Multimodal Knowledge Graph Completion with Link-Aware Contexts26 Jan 2025
38 more
- 2025Diffusion-based Hierarchical Negative Sampling for Multimodal Knowledge Graph Completion26 Jan 2025
- 2024Knowledge Graph Embeddings: A Comprehensive Survey on Capturing Relation Properties16 Oct 2024
- 2024A Pluggable Common Sense-Enhanced Framework for Knowledge Graph Completion6 Oct 2024
- 2024MARS: A neurosymbolic approach for interpretable drug discovery2 Oct 2024
- 2024The Role of Graph Topology in the Performance of Biomedical Knowledge Graph Completion Models6 Sep 2024
- 2024Simple but Effective Compound Geometric Operations for Temporal Knowledge Graph Completion13 Aug 2024
- 2024Croppable Knowledge Graph Embedding3 Jul 2024
- 2024Start from Zero: Triple Set Prediction for Automatic Knowledge Graph Completion26 Jun 2024
- 2024Multiple Heads are Better than One: Mixture of Modality Knowledge Experts for Entity Representation Learning27 May 2024
- 2024Knowledge Graph Reasoning with Self-supervised Reinforcement Learning22 May 2024
- 2024Generalizing Knowledge Graph Embedding with Universal Orthogonal Parameterization14 May 2024
- 2024PAC-Bayesian Generalization Bounds for Knowledge Graph Representation Learning10 May 2024
- 2024One Subgraph for All: Efficient Reasoning on Opening Subgraphs for Inductive Knowledge Graph Completion24 Apr 2024
- 2024Tokenization, Fusion, and Augmentation: Towards Fine-grained Multi-modal Entity Representation15 Apr 2024
- 2024NativE: Multi-modal Knowledge Graph Completion in the Wild28 Mar 2024
- 2024KC-GenRe: A Knowledge-constrained Generative Re-ranking Method Based on Large Language Models for Knowledge Graph Completion26 Mar 2024
- 2024Unleashing the Power of Imbalanced Modality Information for Multi-modal Knowledge Graph Completion22 Feb 2024
- 2024Deep Outdated Fact Detection in Knowledge Graphs6 Feb 2024
- 2024Edge-Enabled Anomaly Detection and Information Completion for Social Network Knowledge Graphs13 Jan 2024
- 2024Chain of History: Learning and Forecasting with LLMs for Temporal Knowledge Graph Completion11 Jan 2024
- 2023Node-based Knowledge Graph Contrastive Learning for Medical Relationship Prediction16 Oct 2023
- 2023Prior Bilinear Based Models for Knowledge Graph Completion25 Sep 2023
- 2023Knowledge Graph Embedding: An Overview21 Sep 2023
- 2023A Comprehensive Study on Knowledge Graph Embedding over Relational Patterns Based on Rule Learning15 Aug 2023
- 2023CausE: Towards Causal Knowledge Graph Embedding21 Jul 2023
- 2023TransERR: Translation-based Knowledge Graph Embedding via Efficient Relation Rotation26 Jun 2023
- 2023To Copy Rather Than Memorize: A Vertical Learning Paradigm for Knowledge Graph Completion23 May 2023
- 20233D Rotation and Translation for Hyperbolic Knowledge Graph Embedding22 May 2023
- 2023HaSa: Hardness and Structure-Aware Contrastive Knowledge Graph Embedding17 May 2023
- 2023Knowledge Graph Embedding with 3D Compound Geometric Transformations1 Apr 2023
- 2023Analogical Inference Enhanced Knowledge Graph Embedding3 Jan 2023
- 2022A Survey of Knowledge Graph Reasoning on Graph Types: Static, Dynamic, and Multimodal12 Dec 2022
- 2022Mitigating Relational Bias on Knowledge Graphs26 Nov 2022
- 2022Knowledge Graph Embedding: A Survey from the Perspective of Representation Spaces7 Nov 2022
- 2022SMiLE: Schema-augmented Multi-level Contrastive Learning for Knowledge Graph Link Prediction10 Oct 2022
- 2022TripleRE: Knowledge Graph Embeddings via Tripled Relation Vectors17 Sep 2022
- 2022Inductive Knowledge Graph Reasoning for Multi-batch Emerging Entities22 Aug 2022
- 2022GreenKGC: A Lightweight Knowledge Graph Completion Method19 Aug 2022
50 newest of 67 All 67 (JSON)
- 2021Neural Bellman-Ford Networks: A General Graph Neural Network Framework for Link Predictioncited by 273
- 2022A Survey of Knowledge Graph Reasoning on Graph Types: Static, Dynamic, and Multimodalcited by 106
- 2022A*Net: A Scalable Path-based Reasoning Approach for Knowledge Graphscited by 49
- 2022Knowledge Graph Embedding: A Survey from the Perspective of Representation Spacescited by 41
- 2024NativE: Multi-modal Knowledge Graph Completion in the Wildcited by 23
- 2021How Does Knowledge Graph Embedding Extrapolate to Unseen Data: A Semantic Evidence Viewcited by 17
- 2024Tokenization, Fusion, and Augmentation: Towards Fine-grained Multi-modal Entity Representationcited by 14
- 2024Multiple Heads are Better than One: Mixture of Modality Knowledge Experts for Entity Representation Learningcited by 13
- 2022SMiLE: Schema-augmented Multi-level Contrastive Learning for Knowledge Graph Link Predictioncited by 12
- 2021Bilinear Scoring Function Search for Knowledge Graph Learningcited by 11
- 2022CompoundE: Knowledge Graph Embedding with Translation, Rotation and Scaling Compound Operationscited by 10
- 2022TripleRE: Knowledge Graph Embeddings via Tripled Relation Vectorscited by 10
12 most cited of 62 All 62 (JSON)
- 2026Pattern Over-Generalization of Knowledge Graph Embedding3 Sep 2026
- 2026Improving Enzyme Prediction with Chemical Reaction Equations by Hypergraph-Enhanced Knowledge Graph Embeddings8 Jan 2026
- 2025SKGE: Spherical Knowledge Graph Embedding with Geometric Regularization4 Nov 2025
- 2025Complementarity-driven Representation Learning for Multi-modal Knowledge Graph Completion28 Jul 2025
- 2025How do Probabilistic Graphical Models and Graph Neural Networks Look at Network Data?13 Jun 2025
- 2025RSCF: Relation-Semantics Consistent Filter for Entity Embedding of Knowledge Graph27 May 2025
- 2025QuatE-D: A Distance-Based Quaternion Model for Knowledge Graph Embedding18 Apr 2025
- 2025Transformer-Based Multimodal Knowledge Graph Completion with Link-Aware Contexts26 Jan 2025
- 2025Diffusion-based Hierarchical Negative Sampling for Multimodal Knowledge Graph Completion26 Jan 2025
- 2024Knowledge Graph Embeddings: A Comprehensive Survey on Capturing Relation Properties16 Oct 2024
- 2024A Pluggable Common Sense-Enhanced Framework for Knowledge Graph Completion6 Oct 2024
- 2024MARS: A neurosymbolic approach for interpretable drug discovery2 Oct 2024
12 newest of 62 All 62 (JSON)