Rethinking Document-level Neural Machine Translation
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Abstract (arXiv)
This paper does not aim at introducing a novel model for document-level neural machine translation. Instead, we head back to the original Transformer model and hope to answer the following question: Is the capacity of current models strong enough for document-level translation? Interestingly, we observe that the original Transformer with appropriate training techniques can achieve strong results for document translation, even with a length of 2000 words. We evaluate this model and several recent approaches on nine document-level datasets and two sentence-level datasets across six languages. Experiments show that document-level Transformer models outperforms sentence-level ones and many previous methods in a comprehensive set of metrics, including BLEU, four lexical indices, three newly proposed assistant linguistic indicators, and human evaluation.
Key facts. Cited by 32 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 18 Oct 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 6; 2023: 17; 2024: 7; 2025: 2.
32 papers.
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- 2023How Good Are GPT Models at Machine Translation? A Comprehensive Evaluationcited by 348
- 2023Prompting Large Language Model for Machine Translation: A Case Studycited by 250
- 2023Document-Level Machine Translation with Large Language Modelscited by 90
- 2023Uncertainty in Natural Language Generation: From Theory to Applicationscited by 61
- 2024(Perhaps) Beyond Human Translation: Harnessing Multi-Agent Collaboration for Translating Ultra-Long Literary Textscited by 49
- 2024A Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods in Large Language Models for Different NLP Taskscited by 47
- 2023Speech Translation with Large Language Models: An Industrial Practicecited by 28
- 2023Escaping the sentence-level paradigm in machine translationcited by 27
- 2024DelTA: An Online Document-Level Translation Agent Based on Multi-Level Memorycited by 27
- 2023Document Flattening: Beyond Concatenating Context for Document-Level Neural Machine Translationcited by 15
- 2024Enhancing Document-level Translation of Large Language Model via Translation Mixed-instructionscited by 13
- 2025Multilingual Contextualization of Large Language Models for Document-Level Machine Translationcited by 11
20 more
- 2023Training and Meta-Evaluating Machine Translation Evaluation Metrics at the Paragraph Levelcited by 9
- 2023Improving Long Context Document-Level Machine Translationcited by 8
- 2022Zero-shot Domain Adaptation for Neural Machine Translation with Retrieved Phrase-level Promptscited by 7
- 2022Focused Concatenation for Context-Aware Neural Machine Translationcited by 7
- 2022Controlling Styles in Neural Machine Translation with Activation Promptcited by 7
- 2023Encoding Sentence Position in Context-Aware Neural Machine Translation with Concatenationcited by 6
- 2023FRASIMED: a Clinical French Annotated Resource Produced through Crosslingual BERT-Based Annotation Projectioncited by 6
- 2022P-Transformer: Towards Better Document-to-Document Neural Machine Translationcited by 5
- 2023Target-Side Augmentation for Document-Level Machine Translationcited by 5
- 2023Challenges in Context-Aware Neural Machine Translationcited by 5
- 2022Advancing Multilingual Pre-training: TRIP Triangular Document-level Pre-training for Multilingual Language Modelscited by 2
- 2024Context-Aware Machine Translation with Source Coreference Explanationcited by 2
- 2024Towards Chapter-to-Chapter Context-Aware Literary Translation via Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2025Speech Translation Refinement using Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2023Non-Autoregressive Document-Level Machine Translationcited by 1
- 2023A Case Study on Context Encoding in Multi-Encoder based Document-Level Neural Machine Translationcited by 1
- 2024Health Text Simplification: An Annotated Corpus for Digestive Cancer Education and Novel Strategies for Reinforcement Learningcited by 1
- 2022Revamping Multilingual Agreement Bidirectionally via Switched Back-translation for Multilingual Neural Machine Translationcited by 0
- 2023Unified Model Learning for Various Neural Machine Translationcited by 0
- 2023On Search Strategies for Document-Level Neural Machine Translationcited by 0
- 2025Multilingual Contextualization of Large Language Models for Document-Level Machine Translation16 Apr 2025
- 2025Speech Translation Refinement using Large Language Models25 Jan 2025
- 2024DelTA: An Online Document-Level Translation Agent Based on Multi-Level Memory10 Oct 2024
- 2024A Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods in Large Language Models for Different NLP Tasks17 Jul 2024
- 2024Towards Chapter-to-Chapter Context-Aware Literary Translation via Large Language Models12 Jul 2024
- 2024(Perhaps) Beyond Human Translation: Harnessing Multi-Agent Collaboration for Translating Ultra-Long Literary Texts20 May 2024
- 2024Context-Aware Machine Translation with Source Coreference Explanation30 Apr 2024
- 2024Health Text Simplification: An Annotated Corpus for Digestive Cancer Education and Novel Strategies for Reinforcement Learning26 Jan 2024
- 2024Enhancing Document-level Translation of Large Language Model via Translation Mixed-instructions16 Jan 2024
- 2023Speech Translation with Large Language Models: An Industrial Practice21 Dec 2023
- 2023FRASIMED: a Clinical French Annotated Resource Produced through Crosslingual BERT-Based Annotation Projection19 Sep 2023
- 2023Training and Meta-Evaluating Machine Translation Evaluation Metrics at the Paragraph Level25 Aug 2023
20 more
- 2023A Case Study on Context Encoding in Multi-Encoder based Document-Level Neural Machine Translation11 Aug 2023
- 2023Uncertainty in Natural Language Generation: From Theory to Applications28 Jul 2023
- 2023Improving Long Context Document-Level Machine Translation8 Jun 2023
- 2023On Search Strategies for Document-Level Neural Machine Translation8 Jun 2023
- 2023Challenges in Context-Aware Neural Machine Translation23 May 2023
- 2023Non-Autoregressive Document-Level Machine Translation22 May 2023
- 2023Target-Side Augmentation for Document-Level Machine Translation8 May 2023
- 2023Unified Model Learning for Various Neural Machine Translation4 May 2023
- 2023Escaping the sentence-level paradigm in machine translation25 Apr 2023
- 2023Document-Level Machine Translation with Large Language Models5 Apr 2023
- 2023How Good Are GPT Models at Machine Translation? A Comprehensive Evaluation18 Feb 2023
- 2023Document Flattening: Beyond Concatenating Context for Document-Level Neural Machine Translation16 Feb 2023
- 2023Encoding Sentence Position in Context-Aware Neural Machine Translation with Concatenation13 Feb 2023
- 2023Prompting Large Language Model for Machine Translation: A Case Study17 Jan 2023
- 2022Controlling Styles in Neural Machine Translation with Activation Prompt17 Dec 2022
- 2022Advancing Multilingual Pre-training: TRIP Triangular Document-level Pre-training for Multilingual Language Models15 Dec 2022
- 2022P-Transformer: Towards Better Document-to-Document Neural Machine Translation12 Dec 2022
- 2022Focused Concatenation for Context-Aware Neural Machine Translation24 Oct 2022
- 2022Revamping Multilingual Agreement Bidirectionally via Switched Back-translation for Multilingual Neural Machine Translation28 Sep 2022
- 2022Zero-shot Domain Adaptation for Neural Machine Translation with Retrieved Phrase-level Prompts23 Sep 2022
- 2023How Good Are GPT Models at Machine Translation? A Comprehensive Evaluationcited by 348
- 2023Prompting Large Language Model for Machine Translation: A Case Studycited by 250
- 2023Document-Level Machine Translation with Large Language Modelscited by 90
- 2023Uncertainty in Natural Language Generation: From Theory to Applicationscited by 61
- 2024A Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods in Large Language Models for Different NLP Taskscited by 47
- 2023Speech Translation with Large Language Models: An Industrial Practicecited by 28
- 2023Escaping the sentence-level paradigm in machine translationcited by 27
- 2023Document Flattening: Beyond Concatenating Context for Document-Level Neural Machine Translationcited by 15
- 2024Enhancing Document-level Translation of Large Language Model via Translation Mixed-instructionscited by 13
- 2025Multilingual Contextualization of Large Language Models for Document-Level Machine Translationcited by 11
- 2023Training and Meta-Evaluating Machine Translation Evaluation Metrics at the Paragraph Levelcited by 9
- 2023Improving Long Context Document-Level Machine Translationcited by 8
12 most cited of 30 All 30 (JSON)
- 2025Multilingual Contextualization of Large Language Models for Document-Level Machine Translation16 Apr 2025
- 2025Speech Translation Refinement using Large Language Models25 Jan 2025
- 2024A Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods in Large Language Models for Different NLP Tasks17 Jul 2024
- 2024Towards Chapter-to-Chapter Context-Aware Literary Translation via Large Language Models12 Jul 2024
- 2024Context-Aware Machine Translation with Source Coreference Explanation30 Apr 2024
- 2024Health Text Simplification: An Annotated Corpus for Digestive Cancer Education and Novel Strategies for Reinforcement Learning26 Jan 2024
- 2024Enhancing Document-level Translation of Large Language Model via Translation Mixed-instructions16 Jan 2024
- 2023Speech Translation with Large Language Models: An Industrial Practice21 Dec 2023
- 2023FRASIMED: a Clinical French Annotated Resource Produced through Crosslingual BERT-Based Annotation Projection19 Sep 2023
- 2023Training and Meta-Evaluating Machine Translation Evaluation Metrics at the Paragraph Level25 Aug 2023
- 2023A Case Study on Context Encoding in Multi-Encoder based Document-Level Neural Machine Translation11 Aug 2023
- 2023Uncertainty in Natural Language Generation: From Theory to Applications28 Jul 2023
12 newest of 30 All 30 (JSON)