GIKT: A Graph-based Interaction Model for Knowledge Tracing
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Abstract (arXiv)
With the rapid development in online education, knowledge tracing (KT) has become a fundamental problem which traces students' knowledge status and predicts their performance on new questions. Questions are often numerous in online education systems, and are always associated with much fewer skills. However, the previous literature fails to involve question information together with high-order question-skill correlations, which is mostly limited by data sparsity and multi-skill problems. From the model perspective, previous models can hardly capture the long-term dependency of student exercise history, and cannot model the interactions between student-questions, and student-skills in a consistent way. In this paper, we propose a Graph-based Interaction model for Knowledge Tracing (GIKT) to tackle the above probems. More specifically, GIKT utilizes graph convolutional network (GCN) to substantially incorporate question-skill correlations via embedding propagation. Besides, considering that relevant questions are usually scattered throughout the exercise history, and that question and skill are just different instantiations of knowledge, GIKT generalizes the degree of students' master of the question to the interactions between the student's current state, the student's history related exercises, the target question, and related skills. Experiments on three datasets demonstrate that GIKT achieves the new state-of-the-art performance, with at least 1% absolute AUC improvement.
Key facts. Cited by 51 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 13 Sep 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 7; 2022: 9; 2023: 10; 2024: 10; 2025: 11; 2026: 4.
51 papers.
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- 2022Knowledge Tracing: A Surveycited by 76
- 2022pyKT: A Python Library to Benchmark Deep Learning based Knowledge Tracing Modelscited by 50
- 2023simpleKT: A Simple But Tough-to-Beat Baseline for Knowledge Tracingcited by 44
- 2024Exploring Knowledge Tracing in Tutor-Student Dialogues using LLMscited by 44
- 2023Improving Interpretability of Deep Sequential Knowledge Tracing Models with Question-centric Cognitive Representationscited by 32
- 2021A Survey of Knowledge Tracing: Models, Variants, and Applicationscited by 29
- 2022Bi-CLKT: Bi-Graph Contrastive Learning based Knowledge Tracingcited by 23
- 2023Enhancing Deep Knowledge Tracing with Auxiliary Taskscited by 23
- 2021Deep Graph Memory Networks for Forgetting-Robust Knowledge Tracingcited by 17
- 2021Interpretable Knowledge Tracing: Simple and Efficient Student Modeling with Causal Relationscited by 14
- 2021Multi-Factors Aware Dual-Attentional Knowledge Tracingcited by 12
- 2023Forgetting-aware Linear Bias for Attentive Knowledge Tracingcited by 12
38 more
- 2021Option Tracing: Beyond Correctness Analysis in Knowledge Tracingcited by 11
- 2021Programming Knowledge Tracing: A Comprehensive Dataset and A New Modelcited by 9
- 2024SINKT: A Structure-Aware Inductive Knowledge Tracing Model with Large Language Modelcited by 9
- 2024Test Case-Informed Knowledge Tracing for Open-ended Coding Taskscited by 7
- 2025Contrastive Cross-Course Knowledge Tracing via Concept Graph Guided Knowledge Transfercited by 7
- 2023Knowledge Relation Rank Enhanced Heterogeneous Learning Interaction Modeling for Neural Graph Forgetting Knowledge Tracingcited by 6
- 2023Knowledge Graph Enhanced Intelligent Tutoring System Based on Exercise Representativeness and Informativenesscited by 6
- 2022DBE-KT22: A Knowledge Tracing Dataset Based on Online Student Evaluationcited by 5
- 2023Proactive and Reactive Engagement of Artificial Intelligence Methods for Education: A Reviewcited by 5
- 2023Do We Fully Understand Students' Knowledge States? Identifying and Mitigating Answer Bias in Knowledge Tracingcited by 5
- 2024A Question-centric Multi-experts Contrastive Learning Framework for Improving the Accuracy and Interpretability of Deep Sequential Knowledge Tracing Modelscited by 5
- 2024A Review of Data Mining in Personalized Education: Current Trends and Future Prospectscited by 4
- 2025DKT2: Revisiting Applicable and Comprehensive Knowledge Tracing in Large-Scale Datacited by 4
- 2025Automated Knowledge Component Generation for Interpretable Knowledge Tracing in Coding Problemscited by 4
- 2022GPT-based Open-Ended Knowledge Tracingcited by 3
- 2025DASKT: A Dynamic Affect Simulation Method for Knowledge Tracingcited by 3
- 2021Assessing the Performance of Online Students -- New Data, New Approaches, Improved Accuracycited by 2
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey on Deep Learning Techniques in Educational Data Miningcited by 2
- 2024KARL: Knowledge-Aware Retrieval and Representations aid Retention and Learning in Studentscited by 2
- 2022DAGKT: Difficulty and Attempts Boosted Graph-based Knowledge Tracingcited by 1
- 2023A Conceptual Model for End-to-End Causal Discovery in Knowledge Tracingcited by 1
- 2024Personalized Forgetting Mechanism with Concept-Driven Knowledge Tracingcited by 1
- 2025A Hierarchical Probabilistic Framework for Incremental Knowledge Tracing in Classroom Settingscited by 1
- 2026Towards LLM-Empowered Knowledge Tracing via LLM-Student Hierarchical Behavior Alignment in Hyperbolic Spacecited by 1
- 2026Neural-Symbolic Knowledge Tracing: Injecting Educational Knowledge into Deep Learning for Responsible Learner Modellingcited by 1
- 2022UIILD: A Unified Interpretable Intelligent Learning Diagnosis Framework for Intelligent Tutoring Systemscited by 0
- 2022Prerequisite-driven Q-matrix Refinement for Learner Knowledge Assessment: A Case Study in Online Learning Contextcited by 0
- 2022APGKT: Exploiting Associative Path on Skills Graph for Knowledge Tracingcited by 0
- 2024Prerequisite Structure Discovery in Intelligent Tutoring Systemscited by 0
- 2024Temporal Graph Memory Networks For Knowledge Tracingcited by 0
- 2024DK-PRACTICE: An Intelligent Educational Platform for Personalized Learning Content Recommendations Based on Students Knowledge Statecited by 0
- 2025AdvKT: An Adversarial Multi-Step Training Framework for Knowledge Tracingcited by 0
- 2025Ken Utilization Layer: Hebbian Replay Within a Student's Ken for Adaptive Exercise Recommendationcited by 0
- 2025Efficient Knowledge Tracing Leveraging Higher-Order Information in Integrated Graphscited by 0
- 2025Knowing When to Defer: Selective Prediction for Responsible Knowledge Tracingcited by 0
- 2025CleverBirds: A Multiple-Choice Benchmark for Fine-grained Human Knowledge Tracingcited by 0
- 2025Tracing Mathematical Proficiency Through Problem-Solving Processescited by 0
- 2026MAGE-KT: Multi-Agent Graph-Enhanced Knowledge Tracing with Subgraph Retrieval and Asymmetric Fusioncited by 0
50 most cited of 51 All 51 (JSON)
- 2026Neural-Symbolic Knowledge Tracing: Injecting Educational Knowledge into Deep Learning for Responsible Learner Modelling9 Apr 2026
- 2026Circuit Complexity of Hierarchical Knowledge Tracing and Implications for Log-Precision Transformers25 Mar 2026
- 2026Towards LLM-Empowered Knowledge Tracing via LLM-Student Hierarchical Behavior Alignment in Hyperbolic Space26 Feb 2026
- 2026MAGE-KT: Multi-Agent Graph-Enhanced Knowledge Tracing with Subgraph Retrieval and Asymmetric Fusion23 Jan 2026
- 2025Tracing Mathematical Proficiency Through Problem-Solving Processes29 Nov 2025
- 2025CleverBirds: A Multiple-Choice Benchmark for Fine-grained Human Knowledge Tracing11 Nov 2025
- 2025Knowing When to Defer: Selective Prediction for Responsible Knowledge Tracing25 Sep 2025
- 2025Efficient Knowledge Tracing Leveraging Higher-Order Information in Integrated Graphs24 Jul 2025
- 2025Ken Utilization Layer: Hebbian Replay Within a Student's Ken for Adaptive Exercise Recommendation18 Jun 2025
- 2025A Hierarchical Probabilistic Framework for Incremental Knowledge Tracing in Classroom Settings11 Jun 2025
- 2025Contrastive Cross-Course Knowledge Tracing via Concept Graph Guided Knowledge Transfer14 May 2025
- 2025AdvKT: An Adversarial Multi-Step Training Framework for Knowledge Tracing7 Apr 2025
38 more
- 2025Automated Knowledge Component Generation for Interpretable Knowledge Tracing in Coding Problems25 Feb 2025
- 2025DKT2: Revisiting Applicable and Comprehensive Knowledge Tracing in Large-Scale Data24 Jan 2025
- 2025DASKT: A Dynamic Affect Simulation Method for Knowledge Tracing18 Jan 2025
- 2024DK-PRACTICE: An Intelligent Educational Platform for Personalized Learning Content Recommendations Based on Students Knowledge State13 Dec 2024
- 2024Test Case-Informed Knowledge Tracing for Open-ended Coding Tasks28 Sep 2024
- 2024Exploring Knowledge Tracing in Tutor-Student Dialogues using LLMs24 Sep 2024
- 2024Temporal Graph Memory Networks For Knowledge Tracing23 Sep 2024
- 2024SINKT: A Structure-Aware Inductive Knowledge Tracing Model with Large Language Model1 Jul 2024
- 2024Personalized Forgetting Mechanism with Concept-Driven Knowledge Tracing18 Apr 2024
- 2024A Question-centric Multi-experts Contrastive Learning Framework for Improving the Accuracy and Interpretability of Deep Sequential Knowledge Tracing Models12 Mar 2024
- 2024A Review of Data Mining in Personalized Education: Current Trends and Future Prospects27 Feb 2024
- 2024KARL: Knowledge-Aware Retrieval and Representations aid Retention and Learning in Students19 Feb 2024
- 2024Prerequisite Structure Discovery in Intelligent Tutoring Systems18 Jan 2024
- 2023Forgetting-aware Linear Bias for Attentive Knowledge Tracing26 Sep 2023
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey on Deep Learning Techniques in Educational Data Mining9 Sep 2023
- 2023Do We Fully Understand Students' Knowledge States? Identifying and Mitigating Answer Bias in Knowledge Tracing15 Aug 2023
- 2023Knowledge Graph Enhanced Intelligent Tutoring System Based on Exercise Representativeness and Informativeness15 Jul 2023
- 2023A Conceptual Model for End-to-End Causal Discovery in Knowledge Tracing11 May 2023
- 2023Knowledge Relation Rank Enhanced Heterogeneous Learning Interaction Modeling for Neural Graph Forgetting Knowledge Tracing8 Apr 2023
- 2023Enhancing Deep Knowledge Tracing with Auxiliary Tasks14 Feb 2023
- 2023Improving Interpretability of Deep Sequential Knowledge Tracing Models with Question-centric Cognitive Representations14 Feb 2023
- 2023simpleKT: A Simple But Tough-to-Beat Baseline for Knowledge Tracing14 Feb 2023
- 2023Proactive and Reactive Engagement of Artificial Intelligence Methods for Education: A Review23 Jan 2023
- 2022DAGKT: Difficulty and Attempts Boosted Graph-based Knowledge Tracing18 Oct 2022
- 2022APGKT: Exploiting Associative Path on Skills Graph for Knowledge Tracing5 Oct 2022
- 2022Prerequisite-driven Q-matrix Refinement for Learner Knowledge Assessment: A Case Study in Online Learning Context24 Aug 2022
- 2022DBE-KT22: A Knowledge Tracing Dataset Based on Online Student Evaluation19 Aug 2022
- 2022UIILD: A Unified Interpretable Intelligent Learning Diagnosis Framework for Intelligent Tutoring Systems7 Jul 2022
- 2022pyKT: A Python Library to Benchmark Deep Learning based Knowledge Tracing Models23 Jun 2022
- 2022GPT-based Open-Ended Knowledge Tracing21 Feb 2022
- 2022Bi-CLKT: Bi-Graph Contrastive Learning based Knowledge Tracing22 Jan 2022
- 2022Knowledge Tracing: A Survey8 Jan 2022
- 2021Interpretable Knowledge Tracing: Simple and Efficient Student Modeling with Causal Relations15 Dec 2021
- 2021Programming Knowledge Tracing: A Comprehensive Dataset and A New Model11 Dec 2021
- 2021Assessing the Performance of Online Students -- New Data, New Approaches, Improved Accuracy4 Sep 2021
- 2021Deep Graph Memory Networks for Forgetting-Robust Knowledge Tracing18 Aug 2021
- 2021Multi-Factors Aware Dual-Attentional Knowledge Tracing10 Aug 2021
- 2021A Survey of Knowledge Tracing: Models, Variants, and Applications6 May 2021
50 newest of 51 All 51 (JSON)
- 2022Knowledge Tracing: A Surveycited by 76
- 2022pyKT: A Python Library to Benchmark Deep Learning based Knowledge Tracing Modelscited by 50
- 2023simpleKT: A Simple But Tough-to-Beat Baseline for Knowledge Tracingcited by 44
- 2024Exploring Knowledge Tracing in Tutor-Student Dialogues using LLMscited by 44
- 2023Improving Interpretability of Deep Sequential Knowledge Tracing Models with Question-centric Cognitive Representationscited by 32
- 2021A Survey of Knowledge Tracing: Models, Variants, and Applicationscited by 29
- 2022Bi-CLKT: Bi-Graph Contrastive Learning based Knowledge Tracingcited by 23
- 2023Enhancing Deep Knowledge Tracing with Auxiliary Taskscited by 23
- 2021Deep Graph Memory Networks for Forgetting-Robust Knowledge Tracingcited by 17
- 2021Interpretable Knowledge Tracing: Simple and Efficient Student Modeling with Causal Relationscited by 14
- 2021Multi-Factors Aware Dual-Attentional Knowledge Tracingcited by 12
- 2023Forgetting-aware Linear Bias for Attentive Knowledge Tracingcited by 12
12 most cited of 51 All 51 (JSON)
- 2026Neural-Symbolic Knowledge Tracing: Injecting Educational Knowledge into Deep Learning for Responsible Learner Modelling9 Apr 2026
- 2026Circuit Complexity of Hierarchical Knowledge Tracing and Implications for Log-Precision Transformers25 Mar 2026
- 2026Towards LLM-Empowered Knowledge Tracing via LLM-Student Hierarchical Behavior Alignment in Hyperbolic Space26 Feb 2026
- 2026MAGE-KT: Multi-Agent Graph-Enhanced Knowledge Tracing with Subgraph Retrieval and Asymmetric Fusion23 Jan 2026
- 2025Tracing Mathematical Proficiency Through Problem-Solving Processes29 Nov 2025
- 2025CleverBirds: A Multiple-Choice Benchmark for Fine-grained Human Knowledge Tracing11 Nov 2025
- 2025Knowing When to Defer: Selective Prediction for Responsible Knowledge Tracing25 Sep 2025
- 2025Efficient Knowledge Tracing Leveraging Higher-Order Information in Integrated Graphs24 Jul 2025
- 2025Ken Utilization Layer: Hebbian Replay Within a Student's Ken for Adaptive Exercise Recommendation18 Jun 2025
- 2025A Hierarchical Probabilistic Framework for Incremental Knowledge Tracing in Classroom Settings11 Jun 2025
- 2025Contrastive Cross-Course Knowledge Tracing via Concept Graph Guided Knowledge Transfer14 May 2025
- 2025AdvKT: An Adversarial Multi-Step Training Framework for Knowledge Tracing7 Apr 2025
12 newest of 51 All 51 (JSON)