MLM: A Benchmark Dataset for Multitask Learning with Multiple Languages and Modalities
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Abstract (arXiv)
In this paper, we introduce the MLM (Multiple Languages and Modalities) dataset - a new resource to train and evaluate multitask systems on samples in multiple modalities and three languages. The generation process and inclusion of semantic data provide a resource that further tests the ability for multitask systems to learn relationships between entities. The dataset is designed for researchers and developers who build applications that perform multiple tasks on data encountered on the web and in digital archives. A second version of MLM provides a geo-representative subset of the data with weighted samples for countries of the European Union. We demonstrate the value of the resource in developing novel applications in the digital humanities with a motivating use case and specify a benchmark set of tasks to retrieve modalities and locate entities in the dataset. Evaluation of baseline multitask and single task systems on the full and geo-representative versions of MLM demonstrate the challenges of generalising on diverse data. In addition to the digital humanities, we expect the resource to contribute to research in multimodal representation learning, location estimation, and scene understanding.
Key facts. Cited by 10 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 14 Aug 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 3; 2023: 2; 2024: 1; 2025: 1.
10 papers.
- 2021WIT: Wikipedia-based Image Text Dataset for Multimodal Multilingual Machine Learningcited by 285
- 2022IGLUE: A Benchmark for Transfer Learning across Modalities, Tasks, and Languagescited by 54
- 2021Conversational Question Answering over Knowledge Graphs with Transformer and Graph Attention Networkscited by 24
- 2024SCoFT: Self-Contrastive Fine-Tuning for Equitable Image Generationcited by 19
- 2022ArtELingo: A Million Emotion Annotations of WikiArt with Emphasis on Diversity over Language and Culturecited by 17
- 2022A Priority Map for Vision-and-Language Navigation with Trajectory Plans and Feature-Location Cuescited by 5
- 2021VOGUE: Answer Verbalization through Multi-Task Learningcited by 3
- 2023OEKG: The Open Event Knowledge Graphcited by 2
- 2023Legal-HNet: Mixing Legal Long-Context Tokens with Hartley Transformcited by 0
- 2025VISAT: Benchmarking Adversarial and Distribution Shift Robustness in Traffic Sign Recognition with Visual Attributescited by 0
- 2025VISAT: Benchmarking Adversarial and Distribution Shift Robustness in Traffic Sign Recognition with Visual Attributes29 Oct 2025
- 2024SCoFT: Self-Contrastive Fine-Tuning for Equitable Image Generation16 Jan 2024
- 2023Legal-HNet: Mixing Legal Long-Context Tokens with Hartley Transform9 Nov 2023
- 2023OEKG: The Open Event Knowledge Graph28 Feb 2023
- 2022ArtELingo: A Million Emotion Annotations of WikiArt with Emphasis on Diversity over Language and Culture19 Nov 2022
- 2022A Priority Map for Vision-and-Language Navigation with Trajectory Plans and Feature-Location Cues24 Jul 2022
- 2022IGLUE: A Benchmark for Transfer Learning across Modalities, Tasks, and Languages27 Jan 2022
- 2021VOGUE: Answer Verbalization through Multi-Task Learning24 Jun 2021
- 2021Conversational Question Answering over Knowledge Graphs with Transformer and Graph Attention Networks4 Apr 2021
- 2021WIT: Wikipedia-based Image Text Dataset for Multimodal Multilingual Machine Learning2 Mar 2021