Parametric Instance Classification for Unsupervised Visual Feature Learning
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Abstract (arXiv)
This paper presents parametric instance classification (PIC) for unsupervised visual feature learning. Unlike the state-of-the-art approaches which do instance discrimination in a dual-branch non-parametric fashion, PIC directly performs a one-branch parametric instance classification, revealing a simple framework similar to supervised classification and without the need to address the information leakage issue. We show that the simple PIC framework can be as effective as the state-of-the-art approaches, i.e. SimCLR and MoCo v2, by adapting several common component settings used in the state-of-the-art approaches. We also propose two novel techniques to further improve effectiveness and practicality of PIC: 1) a sliding-window data scheduler, instead of the previous epoch-based data scheduler, which addresses the extremely infrequent instance visiting issue in PIC and improves the effectiveness; 2) a negative sampling and weight update correction approach to reduce the training time and GPU memory consumption, which also enables application of PIC to almost unlimited training images. We hope that the PIC framework can serve as a simple baseline to facilitate future study.
Key facts. Cited by 41 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 25 Jun 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 13; 2022: 12; 2023: 10; 2024: 5; 2025: 1.
41 papers.
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- 2021SimMIM: A Simple Framework for Masked Image Modelingcited by 1,147
- 2023A Survey on Self-supervised Learning: Algorithms, Applications, and Future Trendscited by 205
- 2021On Feature Decorrelation in Self-Supervised Learningcited by 160
- 2021Self-Supervised Learning with Swin Transformerscited by 121
- 2022Revealing the Dark Secrets of Masked Image Modelingcited by 117
- 2021Large-scale Unsupervised Semantic Segmentationcited by 98
- 2021When Does Contrastive Visual Representation Learning Work?cited by 92
- 2021Divide and Contrast: Self-supervised Learning from Uncurated Datacited by 85
- 2021Exploring the Equivalence of Siamese Self-Supervised Learning via A Unified Gradient Frameworkcited by 49
- 2021Improving Contrastive Learning by Visualizing Feature Transformationcited by 44
- 2022HCSC: Hierarchical Contrastive Selective Codingcited by 43
- 2023Know Your Self-supervised Learning: A Survey on Image-based Generative and Discriminative Trainingcited by 39
29 more
- 2021Enhancing Self-supervised Video Representation Learning via Multi-level Feature Optimizationcited by 27
- 2022Training Vision Transformers with Only 2040 Imagescited by 22
- 2023DropMAE: Learning Representations via Masked Autoencoders with Spatial-Attention Dropout for Temporal Matching Taskscited by 22
- 2024Connecting Joint-Embedding Predictive Architecture with Contrastive Self-supervised Learningcited by 19
- 2023Finding Order in Chaos: A Novel Data Augmentation Method for Time Series in Contrastive Learningcited by 18
- 2022MimCo: Masked Image Modeling Pre-training with Contrastive Teachercited by 16
- 2024What Variables Affect Out-of-Distribution Generalization in Pretrained Models?cited by 13
- 2023PTGB: Pre-Train Graph Neural Networks for Brain Network Analysiscited by 10
- 2022CaCo: Both Positive and Negative Samples are Directly Learnable via Cooperative-adversarial Contrastive Learningcited by 9
- 2022Rethinking Prototypical Contrastive Learning through Alignment, Uniformity and Correlationcited by 9
- 2024Understanding the Role of Equivariance in Self-supervised Learningcited by 7
- 2021Self-supervised Video Representation Learning with Cross-Stream Prototypical Contrastingcited by 6
- 2022Could Giant Pretrained Image Models Extract Universal Representations?cited by 6
- 2023Contrastive Learning with Consistent Representationscited by 6
- 2021Breaking Shortcut: Exploring Fully Convolutional Cycle-Consistency for Video Correspondence Learningcited by 5
- 2022Beyond Instance Discrimination: Relation-aware Contrastive Self-supervised Learningcited by 4
- 2023MeSa: Masked, Geometric, and Supervised Pre-training for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 4
- 2022Label-Free Synthetic Pretraining of Object Detectorscited by 3
- 2022Adversarial Pretraining of Self-Supervised Deep Networks: Past, Present and Futurecited by 3
- 2021Train a One-Million-Way Instance Classifier for Unsupervised Visual Representation Learningcited by 2
- 2023Learning the Relation between Similarity Loss and Clustering Loss in Self-Supervised Learningcited by 2
- 2023Disentangled Pre-training for Image Mattingcited by 2
- 2024Efficiency for Free: Ideal Data Are Transportable Representationscited by 2
- 2021Unsupervised Person Re-identification via Simultaneous Clustering and Consistency Learningcited by 1
- 2022On the robustness of self-supervised representations for multi-view object classificationcited by 1
- 2023Exploring Data Augmentations on Self-/Semi-/Fully- Supervised Pre-trained Modelscited by 1
- 2024On Improving the Algorithm-, Model-, and Data- Efficiency of Self-Supervised Learningcited by 1
- 2025HAD: Hybrid Architecture Distillation Outperforms Teacher in Genomic Sequence Modelingcited by 1
- 2022Virtual embeddings and self-consistency for self-supervised learningcited by 0
- 2025HAD: Hybrid Architecture Distillation Outperforms Teacher in Genomic Sequence Modeling27 May 2025
- 2024Understanding the Role of Equivariance in Self-supervised Learning10 Nov 2024
- 2024Connecting Joint-Embedding Predictive Architecture with Contrastive Self-supervised Learning25 Oct 2024
- 2024What Variables Affect Out-of-Distribution Generalization in Pretrained Models?23 May 2024
- 2024Efficiency for Free: Ideal Data Are Transportable Representations23 May 2024
- 2024On Improving the Algorithm-, Model-, and Data- Efficiency of Self-Supervised Learning30 Apr 2024
- 2023Exploring Data Augmentations on Self-/Semi-/Fully- Supervised Pre-trained Models28 Oct 2023
- 2023MeSa: Masked, Geometric, and Supervised Pre-training for Monocular Depth Estimation6 Oct 2023
- 2023Finding Order in Chaos: A Novel Data Augmentation Method for Time Series in Contrastive Learning23 Sep 2023
- 2023Know Your Self-supervised Learning: A Survey on Image-based Generative and Discriminative Training23 May 2023
- 2023PTGB: Pre-Train Graph Neural Networks for Brain Network Analysis20 May 2023
- 2023Disentangled Pre-training for Image Matting3 Apr 2023
29 more
- 2023DropMAE: Learning Representations via Masked Autoencoders with Spatial-Attention Dropout for Temporal Matching Tasks2 Apr 2023
- 2023Contrastive Learning with Consistent Representations3 Feb 2023
- 2023A Survey on Self-supervised Learning: Algorithms, Applications, and Future Trends13 Jan 2023
- 2023Learning the Relation between Similarity Loss and Clustering Loss in Self-Supervised Learning8 Jan 2023
- 2022Could Giant Pretrained Image Models Extract Universal Representations?3 Nov 2022
- 2022Beyond Instance Discrimination: Relation-aware Contrastive Self-supervised Learning2 Nov 2022
- 2022Adversarial Pretraining of Self-Supervised Deep Networks: Past, Present and Future23 Oct 2022
- 2022Rethinking Prototypical Contrastive Learning through Alignment, Uniformity and Correlation18 Oct 2022
- 2022MimCo: Masked Image Modeling Pre-training with Contrastive Teacher7 Sep 2022
- 2022Label-Free Synthetic Pretraining of Object Detectors8 Aug 2022
- 2022On the robustness of self-supervised representations for multi-view object classification27 Jul 2022
- 2022Virtual embeddings and self-consistency for self-supervised learning13 Jun 2022
- 2022Revealing the Dark Secrets of Masked Image Modeling26 May 2022
- 2022CaCo: Both Positive and Negative Samples are Directly Learnable via Cooperative-adversarial Contrastive Learning27 Mar 2022
- 2022HCSC: Hierarchical Contrastive Selective Coding1 Feb 2022
- 2022Training Vision Transformers with Only 2040 Images26 Jan 2022
- 2021Exploring the Equivalence of Siamese Self-Supervised Learning via A Unified Gradient Framework9 Dec 2021
- 2021SimMIM: A Simple Framework for Masked Image Modeling18 Nov 2021
- 2021Improving Contrastive Learning by Visualizing Feature Transformation6 Aug 2021
- 2021Enhancing Self-supervised Video Representation Learning via Multi-level Feature Optimization4 Aug 2021
- 2021Self-supervised Video Representation Learning with Cross-Stream Prototypical Contrasting18 Jun 2021
- 2021Large-scale Unsupervised Semantic Segmentation6 Jun 2021
- 2021Divide and Contrast: Self-supervised Learning from Uncurated Data17 May 2021
- 2021Breaking Shortcut: Exploring Fully Convolutional Cycle-Consistency for Video Correspondence Learning12 May 2021
- 2021When Does Contrastive Visual Representation Learning Work?12 May 2021
- 2021Self-Supervised Learning with Swin Transformers10 May 2021
- 2021On Feature Decorrelation in Self-Supervised Learning2 May 2021
- 2021Unsupervised Person Re-identification via Simultaneous Clustering and Consistency Learning1 Apr 2021
- 2021Train a One-Million-Way Instance Classifier for Unsupervised Visual Representation Learning9 Feb 2021
- 2021SimMIM: A Simple Framework for Masked Image Modelingcited by 1,147
- 2023A Survey on Self-supervised Learning: Algorithms, Applications, and Future Trendscited by 205
- 2021On Feature Decorrelation in Self-Supervised Learningcited by 160
- 2021Self-Supervised Learning with Swin Transformerscited by 121
- 2022Revealing the Dark Secrets of Masked Image Modelingcited by 117
- 2021Large-scale Unsupervised Semantic Segmentationcited by 98
- 2021When Does Contrastive Visual Representation Learning Work?cited by 92
- 2021Divide and Contrast: Self-supervised Learning from Uncurated Datacited by 85
- 2021Exploring the Equivalence of Siamese Self-Supervised Learning via A Unified Gradient Frameworkcited by 49
- 2021Improving Contrastive Learning by Visualizing Feature Transformationcited by 44
- 2022HCSC: Hierarchical Contrastive Selective Codingcited by 43
- 2023Know Your Self-supervised Learning: A Survey on Image-based Generative and Discriminative Trainingcited by 39
12 most cited of 41 All 41 (JSON)
- 2025HAD: Hybrid Architecture Distillation Outperforms Teacher in Genomic Sequence Modeling27 May 2025
- 2024Understanding the Role of Equivariance in Self-supervised Learning10 Nov 2024
- 2024Connecting Joint-Embedding Predictive Architecture with Contrastive Self-supervised Learning25 Oct 2024
- 2024What Variables Affect Out-of-Distribution Generalization in Pretrained Models?23 May 2024
- 2024Efficiency for Free: Ideal Data Are Transportable Representations23 May 2024
- 2024On Improving the Algorithm-, Model-, and Data- Efficiency of Self-Supervised Learning30 Apr 2024
- 2023Exploring Data Augmentations on Self-/Semi-/Fully- Supervised Pre-trained Models28 Oct 2023
- 2023MeSa: Masked, Geometric, and Supervised Pre-training for Monocular Depth Estimation6 Oct 2023
- 2023Finding Order in Chaos: A Novel Data Augmentation Method for Time Series in Contrastive Learning23 Sep 2023
- 2023Know Your Self-supervised Learning: A Survey on Image-based Generative and Discriminative Training23 May 2023
- 2023PTGB: Pre-Train Graph Neural Networks for Brain Network Analysis20 May 2023
- 2023Disentangled Pre-training for Image Matting3 Apr 2023
12 newest of 41 All 41 (JSON)