mEBAL: A Multimodal Database for Eye Blink Detection and Attention Level Estimation
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Abstract (arXiv)
This work presents mEBAL, a multimodal database for eye blink detection and attention level estimation. The eye blink frequency is related to the cognitive activity and automatic detectors of eye blinks have been proposed for many tasks including attention level estimation, analysis of neuro-degenerative diseases, deception recognition, drive fatigue detection, or face anti-spoofing. However, most existing databases and algorithms in this area are limited to experiments involving only a few hundred samples and individual sensors like face cameras. The proposed mEBAL improves previous databases in terms of acquisition sensors and samples. In particular, three different sensors are simultaneously considered: Near Infrared (NIR) and RGB cameras to capture the face gestures and an Electroencephalography (EEG) band to capture the cognitive activity of the user and blinking events. Regarding the size of mEBAL, it comprises 6,000 samples and the corresponding attention level from 38 different students while conducting a number of e-learning tasks of varying difficulty. In addition to presenting mEBAL, we also include preliminary experiments on: i) eye blink detection using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) with the facial images, and ii) attention level estimation of the students based on their eye blink frequency.
Key facts. Cited by 19 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 9 Jun 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 1; 2023: 5; 2024: 6; 2025: 2; 2026: 2.
19 papers.
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- 2021Automatic Gaze Analysis: A Survey of Deep Learning based Approachescited by 33
- 2022edBB-Demo: Biometrics and Behavior Analysis for Online Educational Platformscited by 18
- 2023M2LADS: A System for Generating MultiModal Learning Analytics Dashboards in Open Educationcited by 15
- 2021ALEBk: Feasibility Study of Attention Level Estimation via Blink Detection applied to e-Learningcited by 13
- 2024VAAD: Visual Attention Analysis Dashboard applied to e-Learningcited by 12
- 2024A Survey of Defenses Against AI-Generated Visual Media: Detection,Disruption, and Authenticationcited by 12
- 2021Introduction to Presentation Attack Detection in Face Biometrics and Recent Advancescited by 11
- 2024A multimodal dataset for understanding the impact of mobile phones on remote online virtual educationcited by 11
- 2024Biometrics and Behavior Analysis for Detecting Distractions in e-Learningcited by 10
- 2023mEBAL2 Database and Benchmark: Image-based Multispectral Eyeblink Detectioncited by 9
- 2023MATT: Multimodal Attention Level Estimation for e-learning Platformscited by 7
- 2024DeepFace-Attention: Multimodal Face Biometrics for Attention Estimation with Application to e-Learningcited by 7
7 more
- 2025SMARTe-VR: Student Monitoring and Adaptive Response Technology for e-Learning in Virtual Realitycited by 6
- 2023Real-time Multi-person Eyeblink Detection in the Wild for Untrimmed Videocited by 3
- 2025M2LADS Demo: A System for Generating Multimodal Learning Analytics Dashboardscited by 3
- 2026A Multimodal Dataset of Student Oral Presentations with Sensors and Evaluation Datacited by 2
- 2026Utilizing Cognitive Signals Generated during Human Reading to Enhance Keyphrase Extraction from Microblogscited by 2
- 2023Spatiotemporal Pyramidal CNN with Depth-Wise Separable Convolution for Eye Blinking Detection in the Wildcited by 0
- 2024Deep Learning Technology for Face Forgery Detection: A Surveycited by 0
- 2026Utilizing Cognitive Signals Generated during Human Reading to Enhance Keyphrase Extraction from Microblogs25 Jun 2026
- 2026A Multimodal Dataset of Student Oral Presentations with Sensors and Evaluation Data12 Jan 2026
- 2025M2LADS Demo: A System for Generating Multimodal Learning Analytics Dashboards21 Feb 2025
- 2025SMARTe-VR: Student Monitoring and Adaptive Response Technology for e-Learning in Virtual Reality19 Jan 2025
- 2024A multimodal dataset for understanding the impact of mobile phones on remote online virtual education13 Dec 2024
- 2024Deep Learning Technology for Face Forgery Detection: A Survey22 Sep 2024
- 2024DeepFace-Attention: Multimodal Face Biometrics for Attention Estimation with Application to e-Learning10 Aug 2024
- 2024A Survey of Defenses Against AI-Generated Visual Media: Detection,Disruption, and Authentication15 Jul 2024
- 2024VAAD: Visual Attention Analysis Dashboard applied to e-Learning30 May 2024
- 2024Biometrics and Behavior Analysis for Detecting Distractions in e-Learning24 May 2024
- 2023mEBAL2 Database and Benchmark: Image-based Multispectral Eyeblink Detection14 Sep 2023
- 2023Spatiotemporal Pyramidal CNN with Depth-Wise Separable Convolution for Eye Blinking Detection in the Wild20 Jun 2023
7 more
- 2023M2LADS: A System for Generating MultiModal Learning Analytics Dashboards in Open Education21 May 2023
- 2023Real-time Multi-person Eyeblink Detection in the Wild for Untrimmed Video28 Mar 2023
- 2023MATT: Multimodal Attention Level Estimation for e-learning Platforms22 Jan 2023
- 2022edBB-Demo: Biometrics and Behavior Analysis for Online Educational Platforms16 Nov 2022
- 2021ALEBk: Feasibility Study of Attention Level Estimation via Blink Detection applied to e-Learning16 Dec 2021
- 2021Introduction to Presentation Attack Detection in Face Biometrics and Recent Advances23 Nov 2021
- 2021Automatic Gaze Analysis: A Survey of Deep Learning based Approaches12 Aug 2021
- 2021Automatic Gaze Analysis: A Survey of Deep Learning based Approachescited by 33
- 2022edBB-Demo: Biometrics and Behavior Analysis for Online Educational Platformscited by 18
- 2023M2LADS: A System for Generating MultiModal Learning Analytics Dashboards in Open Educationcited by 15
- 2021ALEBk: Feasibility Study of Attention Level Estimation via Blink Detection applied to e-Learningcited by 13
- 2024VAAD: Visual Attention Analysis Dashboard applied to e-Learningcited by 12
- 2024A Survey of Defenses Against AI-Generated Visual Media: Detection,Disruption, and Authenticationcited by 12
- 2021Introduction to Presentation Attack Detection in Face Biometrics and Recent Advancescited by 11
- 2024A multimodal dataset for understanding the impact of mobile phones on remote online virtual educationcited by 11
- 2024Biometrics and Behavior Analysis for Detecting Distractions in e-Learningcited by 10
- 2023mEBAL2 Database and Benchmark: Image-based Multispectral Eyeblink Detectioncited by 9
- 2023MATT: Multimodal Attention Level Estimation for e-learning Platformscited by 7
- 2024DeepFace-Attention: Multimodal Face Biometrics for Attention Estimation with Application to e-Learningcited by 7
12 most cited of 19 All 19 (JSON)
- 2026Utilizing Cognitive Signals Generated during Human Reading to Enhance Keyphrase Extraction from Microblogs25 Jun 2026
- 2026A Multimodal Dataset of Student Oral Presentations with Sensors and Evaluation Data12 Jan 2026
- 2025M2LADS Demo: A System for Generating Multimodal Learning Analytics Dashboards21 Feb 2025
- 2025SMARTe-VR: Student Monitoring and Adaptive Response Technology for e-Learning in Virtual Reality19 Jan 2025
- 2024A multimodal dataset for understanding the impact of mobile phones on remote online virtual education13 Dec 2024
- 2024Deep Learning Technology for Face Forgery Detection: A Survey22 Sep 2024
- 2024DeepFace-Attention: Multimodal Face Biometrics for Attention Estimation with Application to e-Learning10 Aug 2024
- 2024A Survey of Defenses Against AI-Generated Visual Media: Detection,Disruption, and Authentication15 Jul 2024
- 2024VAAD: Visual Attention Analysis Dashboard applied to e-Learning30 May 2024
- 2024Biometrics and Behavior Analysis for Detecting Distractions in e-Learning24 May 2024
- 2023mEBAL2 Database and Benchmark: Image-based Multispectral Eyeblink Detection14 Sep 2023
- 2023Spatiotemporal Pyramidal CNN with Depth-Wise Separable Convolution for Eye Blinking Detection in the Wild20 Jun 2023
12 newest of 19 All 19 (JSON)