Leveraging Affective Bidirectional Transformers for Offensive Language Detection
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Abstract (arXiv)
Social media are pervasive in our life, making it necessary to ensure safe online experiences by detecting and removing offensive and hate speech. In this work, we report our submission to the Offensive Language and hate-speech Detection shared task organized with the 4th Workshop on Open-Source Arabic Corpora and Processing Tools Arabic (OSACT4). We focus on developing purely deep learning systems, without a need for feature engineering. For that purpose, we develop an effective method for automatic data augmentation and show the utility of training both offensive and hate speech models off (i.e., by fine-tuning) previously trained affective models (i.e., sentiment and emotion). Our best models are significantly better than a vanilla BERT model, with 89.60% acc (82.31% macro F1) for hate speech and 95.20% acc (70.51% macro F1) on official TEST data.
Key facts. Cited by 11 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 16 May 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 4; 2023: 0; 2024: 1; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.
11 papers.
- 2022NADI 2022: The Third Nuanced Arabic Dialect Identification Shared Taskcited by 23
- 2021Multi-Task Learning with Sentiment, Emotion, and Target Detection to Recognize Hate Speech and Offensive Languagecited by 12
- 2022Towards an Enhanced Understanding of Bias in Pre-trained Neural Language Models: A Survey with Special Emphasis on Affective Biascited by 8
- 2021TweetBLM: A Hate Speech Dataset and Analysis of Black Lives Matter-related Microblogs on Twittercited by 4
- 2021Transfer Learning Approach for Arabic Offensive Language Detection System -- BERT-Based Modelcited by 2
- 2022A Benchmark Study of Contrastive Learning for Arabic Social Meaningcited by 2
- 2025Don't Erase, Inform! Detecting and Contextualizing Harmful Language in Cultural Heritage Collectionscited by 2
- 2022Fine-Tuning Approach for Arabic Offensive Language Detection System: BERT-Based Modelcited by 1
- 2024Ensemble of pre-trained language models and data augmentation for hate speech detection from Arabic tweetscited by 1
- 2025Multi-task Learning with Active Learning for Arabic Offensive Speech Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Explain the Flag: Contextualizing Hate Speech Beyond Censorshipcited by 0
- 2026Explain the Flag: Contextualizing Hate Speech Beyond Censorship16 Apr 2026
- 2025Multi-task Learning with Active Learning for Arabic Offensive Speech Detection3 Jun 2025
- 2025Don't Erase, Inform! Detecting and Contextualizing Harmful Language in Cultural Heritage Collections30 May 2025
- 2024Ensemble of pre-trained language models and data augmentation for hate speech detection from Arabic tweets2 Jul 2024
- 2022A Benchmark Study of Contrastive Learning for Arabic Social Meaning22 Oct 2022
- 2022NADI 2022: The Third Nuanced Arabic Dialect Identification Shared Task18 Oct 2022
- 2022Towards an Enhanced Understanding of Bias in Pre-trained Neural Language Models: A Survey with Special Emphasis on Affective Bias21 Apr 2022
- 2022Fine-Tuning Approach for Arabic Offensive Language Detection System: BERT-Based Model7 Feb 2022
- 2021Multi-Task Learning with Sentiment, Emotion, and Target Detection to Recognize Hate Speech and Offensive Language21 Sep 2021
- 2021TweetBLM: A Hate Speech Dataset and Analysis of Black Lives Matter-related Microblogs on Twitter27 Aug 2021
- 2021Transfer Learning Approach for Arabic Offensive Language Detection System -- BERT-Based Model9 Feb 2021