mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Cross-lingual Zero- and Few-shot Hate Speech Detection Utilising Frozen Transformer Language Models and AXEL

arXiv 2004.13850 ↗First posted 13 Apr 2020cs.CL cs.LG stat.MLcited by 23

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Abstract (arXiv)

Detecting hate speech, especially in low-resource languages, is a non-trivial challenge. To tackle this, we developed a tailored architecture based on frozen, pre-trained Transformers to examine cross-lingual zero-shot and few-shot learning, in addition to uni-lingual learning, on the HatEval challenge data set. With our novel attention-based classification block AXEL, we demonstrate highly competitive results on the English and Spanish subsets. We also re-sample the English subset, enabling additional, meaningful comparisons in the future.

Key facts. Cited by 23 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 13 Apr 2020.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 9; 2023: 4; 2024: 4.

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  1. 2022Multilingual HateCheck: Functional Tests for Multilingual Hate Speech Detection Modelscited by 51
  2. 2021The MuSe 2021 Multimodal Sentiment Analysis Challenge: Sentiment, Emotion, Physiological-Emotion, and Stresscited by 27
  3. 2021Multilingual Code-Switching for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Intent Prediction and Slot Fillingcited by 25
  4. 2023Cross-Cultural Transfer Learning for Chinese Offensive Language Detectioncited by 21
  5. 2022Question Generation for Reading Comprehension Assessment by Modeling How and What to Askcited by 20
  6. 2023Moderating New Waves of Online Hate with Chain-of-Thought Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 17
  7. 2022ToKen: Task Decomposition and Knowledge Infusion for Few-Shot Hate Speech Detectioncited by 15
  8. 2024Benchmarking LLM Guardrails in Handling Multilingual Toxicitycited by 13
  9. 2022Multilingual Auxiliary Tasks Training: Bridging the Gap between Languages for Zero-Shot Transfer of Hate Speech Detection Modelscited by 10
  10. 2021Cross-lingual COVID-19 Fake News Detectioncited by 7
  11. 2022Data-Efficient Strategies for Expanding Hate Speech Detection into Under-Resourced Languagescited by 7
  12. 2021Cross-lingual hate speech detection based on multilingual domain-specific word embeddingscited by 4
11 more
  1. 2022Rationale-Guided Few-Shot Classification to Detect Abusive Languagecited by 4
  2. 2024Cross-Lingual Learning vs. Low-Resource Fine-Tuning: A Case Study with Fact-Checking in Turkishcited by 4
  3. 2024Harnessing Artificial Intelligence to Combat Online Hate: Exploring the Challenges and Opportunities of Large Language Models in Hate Speech Detectioncited by 4
  4. 2021A Neighbourhood Framework for Resource-Lean Content Flaggingcited by 3
  5. 2022Hypothesis Engineering for Zero-Shot Hate Speech Detectioncited by 3
  6. 2022Addressing the Challenges of Cross-Lingual Hate Speech Detectioncited by 2
  7. 2023LAHM : Large Annotated Dataset for Multi-Domain and Multilingual Hate Speech Identificationcited by 2
  8. 2024Cross-lingual Offensive Language Detection: A Systematic Review of Datasets, Transfer Approaches and Challengescited by 2
  9. 2021Transfer Learning for Multi-lingual Tasks -- a Surveycited by 1
  10. 2022Effective Transfer Learning for Low-Resource Natural Language Understandingcited by 1
  11. 2023Vicinal Risk Minimization for Few-Shot Cross-lingual Transfer in Abusive Language Detectioncited by 1