Privacy at Scale: Introducing the PrivaSeer Corpus of Web Privacy Policies
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Organisations disclose their privacy practices by posting privacy policies on their website. Even though users often care about their digital privacy, they often don't read privacy policies since they require a significant investment in time and effort. Although natural language processing can help in privacy policy understanding, there has been a lack of large scale privacy policy corpora that could be used to analyse, understand, and simplify privacy policies. Thus, we create PrivaSeer, a corpus of over one million English language website privacy policies, which is significantly larger than any previously available corpus. We design a corpus creation pipeline which consists of crawling the web followed by filtering documents using language detection, document classification, duplicate and near-duplication removal, and content extraction. We investigate the composition of the corpus and show results from readability tests, document similarity, keyphrase extraction, and explored the corpus through topic modeling.
Key facts. Cited by 22 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 23 Apr 2020.
Builds on
No reference list yet.
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2022: 3; 2023: 1; 2024: 6; 2025: 4; 2026: 8.
22 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2022Pre-trained Language Models for Keyphrase Generation: A Thorough Empirical Studycited by 13
- 2022Too Brittle To Touch: Comparing the Stability of Quantization and Distillation Towards Developing Lightweight Low-Resource MT Modelscited by 5
- 2025Using LLMs for Automated Privacy Policy Analysis: Prompt Engineering, Fine-Tuning and Explainabilitycited by 4
- 2022Creation and Analysis of an International Corpus of Privacy Lawscited by 3
- 2024On Leveraging Encoder-only Pre-trained Language Models for Effective Keyphrase Generationcited by 3
- 2024Pre-Trained Language Models for Keyphrase Prediction: A Reviewcited by 3
- 2024EROS: Entity-Driven Controlled Policy Document Summarizationcited by 2
- 2024Entailment-Driven Privacy Policy Classification with LLMscited by 2
- 2025A Multi-Agent Framework for Mitigating Dialect Biases in Privacy Policy Question-Answering Systemscited by 2
- 2025A Longitudinal Measurement of Privacy Policy Evolution for Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2023More Data Types More Problems: A Temporal Analysis of Complexity, Stability, and Sensitivity in Privacy Policiescited by 1
- 2024Automated Detection and Analysis of Data Practices Using A Real-World Corpuscited by 1
10 more
- 2024C3PA: An Open Dataset of Expert-Annotated and Regulation-Aware Privacy Policies to Enable Scalable Regulatory Compliance Auditscited by 1
- 2025Word-level Annotation of GDPR Transparency Compliance in Privacy Policies using Large Language Modelscited by 1
- 2026Jurisdiction as Structural Barrier: How Privacy Policy Organization May Reduce Visibility of Substantive Disclosurescited by 1
- 2026PrivPRISM: Automatically Detecting Discrepancies Between Google Play Data Safety Declarations and Developer Privacy Policiescited by 1
- 2026LADFA: A Framework of Using Large Language Models and Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Personal Data Flow Analysis in Privacy Policiescited by 0
- 2026PrivSTRUCT: Untangling Data Purpose Compliance of Privacy Policies in Google Play Storecited by 0
- 2026Enabling Multilingual Privacy Policy Audits: Large-Scale Analysis of Spanish Mobile Appscited by 0
- 2026SoK: From Generation to Consumption of Privacy Documents in Software Systemscited by 0
- 2026GuardianAgent: Policy-Conditioned Risk-Adaptive Anonymization with Verified Adversarial Escalationcited by 0
- 2026Privacy Washing: Detecting Internal Contradictions in Privacy Policiescited by 0
- 2026Privacy Washing: Detecting Internal Contradictions in Privacy Policies2 Sep 2026
- 2026GuardianAgent: Policy-Conditioned Risk-Adaptive Anonymization with Verified Adversarial Escalation29 Aug 2026
- 2026SoK: From Generation to Consumption of Privacy Documents in Software Systems12 Aug 2026
- 2026Enabling Multilingual Privacy Policy Audits: Large-Scale Analysis of Spanish Mobile Apps20 Jul 2026
- 2026PrivSTRUCT: Untangling Data Purpose Compliance of Privacy Policies in Google Play Store24 Apr 2026
- 2026PrivPRISM: Automatically Detecting Discrepancies Between Google Play Data Safety Declarations and Developer Privacy Policies10 Mar 2026
- 2026Jurisdiction as Structural Barrier: How Privacy Policy Organization May Reduce Visibility of Substantive Disclosures28 Jan 2026
- 2026LADFA: A Framework of Using Large Language Models and Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Personal Data Flow Analysis in Privacy Policies15 Jan 2026
- 2025A Longitudinal Measurement of Privacy Policy Evolution for Large Language Models24 Nov 2025
- 2025A Multi-Agent Framework for Mitigating Dialect Biases in Privacy Policy Question-Answering Systems3 Jun 2025
- 2025Using LLMs for Automated Privacy Policy Analysis: Prompt Engineering, Fine-Tuning and Explainability16 Mar 2025
- 2025Word-level Annotation of GDPR Transparency Compliance in Privacy Policies using Large Language Models13 Mar 2025
10 more
- 2024C3PA: An Open Dataset of Expert-Annotated and Regulation-Aware Privacy Policies to Enable Scalable Regulatory Compliance Audits4 Oct 2024
- 2024Entailment-Driven Privacy Policy Classification with LLMs25 Sep 2024
- 2024Pre-Trained Language Models for Keyphrase Prediction: A Review2 Sep 2024
- 2024EROS: Entity-Driven Controlled Policy Document Summarization29 Feb 2024
- 2024On Leveraging Encoder-only Pre-trained Language Models for Effective Keyphrase Generation21 Feb 2024
- 2024Automated Detection and Analysis of Data Practices Using A Real-World Corpus16 Feb 2024
- 2023More Data Types More Problems: A Temporal Analysis of Complexity, Stability, and Sensitivity in Privacy Policies17 Feb 2023
- 2022Pre-trained Language Models for Keyphrase Generation: A Thorough Empirical Study20 Dec 2022
- 2022Too Brittle To Touch: Comparing the Stability of Quantization and Distillation Towards Developing Lightweight Low-Resource MT Models27 Oct 2022
- 2022Creation and Analysis of an International Corpus of Privacy Laws28 Jun 2022
- 2022Pre-trained Language Models for Keyphrase Generation: A Thorough Empirical Studycited by 13
- 2022Too Brittle To Touch: Comparing the Stability of Quantization and Distillation Towards Developing Lightweight Low-Resource MT Modelscited by 5
- 2025Using LLMs for Automated Privacy Policy Analysis: Prompt Engineering, Fine-Tuning and Explainabilitycited by 4
- 2022Creation and Analysis of an International Corpus of Privacy Lawscited by 3
- 2024On Leveraging Encoder-only Pre-trained Language Models for Effective Keyphrase Generationcited by 3
- 2024Pre-Trained Language Models for Keyphrase Prediction: A Reviewcited by 3
- 2024EROS: Entity-Driven Controlled Policy Document Summarizationcited by 2
- 2024Entailment-Driven Privacy Policy Classification with LLMscited by 2
- 2023More Data Types More Problems: A Temporal Analysis of Complexity, Stability, and Sensitivity in Privacy Policiescited by 1
- 2024Automated Detection and Analysis of Data Practices Using A Real-World Corpuscited by 1
- 2024C3PA: An Open Dataset of Expert-Annotated and Regulation-Aware Privacy Policies to Enable Scalable Regulatory Compliance Auditscited by 1
- 2025Word-level Annotation of GDPR Transparency Compliance in Privacy Policies using Large Language Modelscited by 1
12 most cited of 19 All 19 (JSON)
- 2026Privacy Washing: Detecting Internal Contradictions in Privacy Policies2 Sep 2026
- 2026GuardianAgent: Policy-Conditioned Risk-Adaptive Anonymization with Verified Adversarial Escalation29 Aug 2026
- 2026SoK: From Generation to Consumption of Privacy Documents in Software Systems12 Aug 2026
- 2026Enabling Multilingual Privacy Policy Audits: Large-Scale Analysis of Spanish Mobile Apps20 Jul 2026
- 2026PrivSTRUCT: Untangling Data Purpose Compliance of Privacy Policies in Google Play Store24 Apr 2026
- 2026PrivPRISM: Automatically Detecting Discrepancies Between Google Play Data Safety Declarations and Developer Privacy Policies10 Mar 2026
- 2026Jurisdiction as Structural Barrier: How Privacy Policy Organization May Reduce Visibility of Substantive Disclosures28 Jan 2026
- 2025Using LLMs for Automated Privacy Policy Analysis: Prompt Engineering, Fine-Tuning and Explainability16 Mar 2025
- 2025Word-level Annotation of GDPR Transparency Compliance in Privacy Policies using Large Language Models13 Mar 2025
- 2024C3PA: An Open Dataset of Expert-Annotated and Regulation-Aware Privacy Policies to Enable Scalable Regulatory Compliance Audits4 Oct 2024
- 2024Entailment-Driven Privacy Policy Classification with LLMs25 Sep 2024
- 2024Pre-Trained Language Models for Keyphrase Prediction: A Review2 Sep 2024
12 newest of 19 All 19 (JSON)