Measuring Emotions in the COVID-19 Real World Worry Dataset
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Abstract (arXiv)
The COVID-19 pandemic is having a dramatic impact on societies and economies around the world. With various measures of lockdowns and social distancing in place, it becomes important to understand emotional responses on a large scale. In this paper, we present the first ground truth dataset of emotional responses to COVID-19. We asked participants to indicate their emotions and express these in text. This resulted in the Real World Worry Dataset of 5,000 texts (2,500 short + 2,500 long texts). Our analyses suggest that emotional responses correlated with linguistic measures. Topic modeling further revealed that people in the UK worry about their family and the economic situation. Tweet-sized texts functioned as a call for solidarity, while longer texts shed light on worries and concerns. Using predictive modeling approaches, we were able to approximate the emotional responses of participants from text within 14% of their actual value. We encourage others to use the dataset and improve how we can use automated methods to learn about emotional responses and worries about an urgent problem.
Key facts. Cited by 15 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 8 Apr 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 3; 2023: 5; 2024: 3; 2025: 2.
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- 2024Large Language Models Produce Responses Perceived to be Empathiccited by 36
- 2022Textwash -- automated open-source text anonymisationcited by 10
- 2024Social Intelligence Data Infrastructure: Structuring the Present and Navigating the Futurecited by 10
- 2025Language Models Predict Empathy Gaps Between Social In-groups and Out-groupscited by 6
- 2021A repeated-measures study on emotional responses after a year in the pandemiccited by 3
- 2022Choosing the Number of Topics in LDA Models -- A Monte Carlo Comparison of Selection Criteriacited by 3
- 2021AraCOVID19-MFH: Arabic COVID-19 Multi-label Fake News and Hate Speech Detection Datasetcited by 2
- 2023Applications and Challenges of Sentiment Analysis in Real-life Scenarioscited by 2
- 2023The RW3D: A multi-modal panel dataset to understand the psychological impact of the pandemiccited by 2
- 2023Automatically Classifying Emotions based on Text: A Comparative Exploration of Different Datasetscited by 2
- 2023Topological Interpretations of GPT-3cited by 2
- 2023Data Augmentation for Emotion Detection in Small Imbalanced Text Datacited by 1
- 2025SenWave: A Fine-Grained Multi-Language Sentiment Analysis Dataset Sourced from COVID-19 Tweets9 Oct 2025
- 2025Language Models Predict Empathy Gaps Between Social In-groups and Out-groups2 Mar 2025
- 2024Large Language Models Produce Responses Perceived to be Empathic26 Mar 2024
- 2024A Tutorial on the Pretrain-Finetune Paradigm for Natural Language Processing4 Mar 2024
- 2024Social Intelligence Data Infrastructure: Structuring the Present and Navigating the Future28 Feb 2024
- 2023Data Augmentation for Emotion Detection in Small Imbalanced Text Data25 Oct 2023
- 2023Topological Interpretations of GPT-37 Aug 2023
- 2023Automatically Classifying Emotions based on Text: A Comparative Exploration of Different Datasets28 Feb 2023
- 2023The RW3D: A multi-modal panel dataset to understand the psychological impact of the pandemic1 Feb 2023
- 2023Applications and Challenges of Sentiment Analysis in Real-life Scenarios24 Jan 2023
- 2022Choosing the Number of Topics in LDA Models -- A Monte Carlo Comparison of Selection Criteria28 Dec 2022
- 2022Textwash -- automated open-source text anonymisation27 Aug 2022
- 2024Large Language Models Produce Responses Perceived to be Empathiccited by 36
- 2022Textwash -- automated open-source text anonymisationcited by 10
- 2024Social Intelligence Data Infrastructure: Structuring the Present and Navigating the Futurecited by 10
- 2025Language Models Predict Empathy Gaps Between Social In-groups and Out-groupscited by 6
- 2021A repeated-measures study on emotional responses after a year in the pandemiccited by 3
- 2022Choosing the Number of Topics in LDA Models -- A Monte Carlo Comparison of Selection Criteriacited by 3
- 2021AraCOVID19-MFH: Arabic COVID-19 Multi-label Fake News and Hate Speech Detection Datasetcited by 2
- 2023Applications and Challenges of Sentiment Analysis in Real-life Scenarioscited by 2
- 2023The RW3D: A multi-modal panel dataset to understand the psychological impact of the pandemiccited by 2
- 2023Automatically Classifying Emotions based on Text: A Comparative Exploration of Different Datasetscited by 2
- 2023Topological Interpretations of GPT-3cited by 2
- 2023Data Augmentation for Emotion Detection in Small Imbalanced Text Datacited by 1
12 most cited of 15 All 15 (JSON)
- 2025SenWave: A Fine-Grained Multi-Language Sentiment Analysis Dataset Sourced from COVID-19 Tweets9 Oct 2025
- 2025Language Models Predict Empathy Gaps Between Social In-groups and Out-groups2 Mar 2025
- 2024Large Language Models Produce Responses Perceived to be Empathic26 Mar 2024
- 2024A Tutorial on the Pretrain-Finetune Paradigm for Natural Language Processing4 Mar 2024
- 2024Social Intelligence Data Infrastructure: Structuring the Present and Navigating the Future28 Feb 2024
- 2023Data Augmentation for Emotion Detection in Small Imbalanced Text Data25 Oct 2023
- 2023Topological Interpretations of GPT-37 Aug 2023
- 2023Automatically Classifying Emotions based on Text: A Comparative Exploration of Different Datasets28 Feb 2023
- 2023The RW3D: A multi-modal panel dataset to understand the psychological impact of the pandemic1 Feb 2023
- 2023Applications and Challenges of Sentiment Analysis in Real-life Scenarios24 Jan 2023
- 2022Choosing the Number of Topics in LDA Models -- A Monte Carlo Comparison of Selection Criteria28 Dec 2022
- 2022Textwash -- automated open-source text anonymisation27 Aug 2022
12 newest of 15 All 15 (JSON)