mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Causal Interpretability for Machine Learning -- Problems, Methods and Evaluation

arXiv 2003.03934 ↗First posted 9 Mar 2020cs.LG stat.MLcited by 82

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Abstract (arXiv)

Machine learning models have had discernible achievements in a myriad of applications. However, most of these models are black-boxes, and it is obscure how the decisions are made by them. This makes the models unreliable and untrustworthy. To provide insights into the decision making processes of these models, a variety of traditional interpretable models have been proposed. Moreover, to generate more human-friendly explanations, recent work on interpretability tries to answer questions related to causality such as "Why does this model makes such decisions?" or "Was it a specific feature that caused the decision made by the model?". In this work, models that aim to answer causal questions are referred to as causal interpretable models. The existing surveys have covered concepts and methodologies of traditional interpretability. In this work, we present a comprehensive survey on causal interpretable models from the aspects of the problems and methods. In addition, this survey provides in-depth insights into the existing evaluation metrics for measuring interpretability, which can help practitioners understand for what scenarios each evaluation metric is suitable.

Key facts. Cited by 82 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 9 Mar 2020.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 13; 2022: 21; 2023: 21; 2024: 16; 2025: 7; 2026: 4.

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  1. 2022From Anecdotal Evidence to Quantitative Evaluation Methods: A Systematic Review on Evaluating Explainable AIcited by 299
  2. 2021Explainable AI (XAI): A Systematic Meta-Survey of Current Challenges and Future Opportunitiescited by 125
  3. 2021Interpretable Deep Learning: Interpretation, Interpretability, Trustworthiness, and Beyondcited by 116
  4. 2021A survey of Bayesian Network structure learningcited by 85
  5. 2022Towards Human-centered Explainable AI: A Survey of User Studies for Model Explanationscited by 84
  6. 2021Explainability of deep vision-based autonomous driving systems: Review and challengescited by 80
  7. 2021Explaining Time Series Predictions with Dynamic Maskscited by 72
  8. 2021Robust Counterfactual Explanations on Graph Neural Networkscited by 72
  9. 2022Causal Machine Learning for Healthcare and Precision Medicinecited by 68
  10. 2022"Help Me Help the AI": Understanding How Explainability Can Support Human-AI Interactioncited by 63
  11. 2021Socially Responsible AI Algorithms: Issues, Purposes, and Challengescited by 56
  12. 2021A Review on Explainability in Multimodal Deep Neural Netscited by 46
38 more
  1. 2023Towards LLM-guided Causal Explainability for Black-box Text Classifierscited by 44
  2. 2021Explainable Artificial Intelligence Approaches: A Surveycited by 40
  3. 2022Reinforced Causal Explainer for Graph Neural Networkscited by 34
  4. 2022Cycle-Consistent Counterfactuals by Latent Transformationscited by 33
  5. 2022Behavioral Intention Prediction in Driving Scenes: A Surveycited by 30
  6. 2022Causal Reasoning Meets Visual Representation Learning: A Prospective Studycited by 24
  7. 2024Finding Visual Task Vectorscited by 24
  8. 2024The Quest for the Right Mediator: Surveying Mechanistic Interpretability Through the Lens of Causal Mediation Analysiscited by 24
  9. 2022Evaluation Methods and Measures for Causal Learning Algorithmscited by 23
  10. 2022OmniXAI: A Library for Explainable AIcited by 21
  11. 2023Causal Deep Learningcited by 20
  12. 2024Counterfactual Image Editingcited by 20
  13. 2021Counterfactual Evaluation for Explainable AIcited by 15
  14. 2023Interpretation of Time-Series Deep Models: A Surveycited by 15
  15. 2023A Review of the Role of Causality in Developing Trustworthy AI Systemscited by 14
  16. 2022MACE: An Efficient Model-Agnostic Framework for Counterfactual Explanationcited by 12
  17. 2023Recent Advances of Differential Privacy in Centralized Deep Learning: A Systematic Surveycited by 12
  18. 2022Explainable AI for Bioinformatics: Methods, Tools, and Applicationscited by 11
  19. 2025Deep Learning for Time Series Forecasting: A Surveycited by 10
  20. 2022Interpretation of Black Box NLP Models: A Surveycited by 9
  21. 2024Towards Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): A Data Mining Perspectivecited by 9
  22. 2023Crime Prediction Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning: A Systematic Review and Future Directionscited by 8
  23. 2021Causal Learning for Socially Responsible AIcited by 7
  24. 2021Responsible and Regulatory Conform Machine Learning for Medicine: A Survey of Challenges and Solutionscited by 7
  25. 2023NAISR: A 3D Neural Additive Model for Interpretable Shape Representationcited by 7
  26. 2024A Survey of Explainable Knowledge Tracingcited by 7
  27. 2022Text Transformations in Contrastive Self-Supervised Learning: A Reviewcited by 5
  28. 2024Causality from Bottom to Top: A Surveycited by 5
  29. 2024A Tutorial on the Design, Experimentation and Application of Metaheuristic Algorithms to Real-World Optimization Problemscited by 5
  30. 2021Causal Inference in medicine and in health policy, a summarycited by 4
  31. 2022COIN: Counterfactual Image Generation for VQA Interpretationcited by 4
  32. 2022On Causality in Domain Adaptation and Semi-Supervised Learning: an Information-Theoretic Analysis for Parametric Modelscited by 4
  33. 2023Towards Characterizing Domain Counterfactuals For Invertible Latent Causal Modelscited by 4
  34. 2023Rumor Detection with Diverse Counterfactual Evidencecited by 4
  35. 2024CausalDiff: Causality-Inspired Disentanglement via Diffusion Model for Adversarial Defensecited by 4
  36. 2023Visual Knowledge Discovery with General Line Coordinatescited by 3
  37. 2023Explainable Predictive Maintenancecited by 3
  38. 2023Towards a Comprehensive Human-Centred Evaluation Framework for Explainable AIcited by 3

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