Causal Interpretability for Machine Learning -- Problems, Methods and Evaluation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Machine learning models have had discernible achievements in a myriad of applications. However, most of these models are black-boxes, and it is obscure how the decisions are made by them. This makes the models unreliable and untrustworthy. To provide insights into the decision making processes of these models, a variety of traditional interpretable models have been proposed. Moreover, to generate more human-friendly explanations, recent work on interpretability tries to answer questions related to causality such as "Why does this model makes such decisions?" or "Was it a specific feature that caused the decision made by the model?". In this work, models that aim to answer causal questions are referred to as causal interpretable models. The existing surveys have covered concepts and methodologies of traditional interpretability. In this work, we present a comprehensive survey on causal interpretable models from the aspects of the problems and methods. In addition, this survey provides in-depth insights into the existing evaluation metrics for measuring interpretability, which can help practitioners understand for what scenarios each evaluation metric is suitable.
Key facts. Cited by 82 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 9 Mar 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 13; 2022: 21; 2023: 21; 2024: 16; 2025: 7; 2026: 4.
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50 most cited of 82 All 82 (JSON)
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- 2026Empirical Characterization of Rationale Stability Under Controlled Perturbations for Explainable Pattern Recognition6 Apr 2026
- 2025Cluster Paths: Navigating Interpretability in Neural Networks8 Oct 2025
- 2025CausalKANs: interpretable treatment effect estimation with Kolmogorov-Arnold networks26 Sep 2025
- 2025Looking in the mirror: A faithful counterfactual explanation method for interpreting deep image classification models20 Sep 2025
- 2025Entropic Causal Inference: Graph Identifiability19 Sep 2025
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- 2025Deep Learning for Time Series Forecasting: A Survey13 Mar 2025
- 2025LucidAtlas: Learning Uncertainty-Aware, Covariate-Disentangled, Individualized Atlas Representations12 Feb 2025
- 2024Causal Interpretability for Adversarial Robustness: A Hybrid Generative Classification Approach28 Dec 2024
38 more
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- 2024What if? Causal Machine Learning in Supply Chain Risk Management24 Aug 2024
- 2024The Quest for the Right Mediator: Surveying Mechanistic Interpretability Through the Lens of Causal Mediation Analysis2 Aug 2024
- 2024Motif-Consistent Counterfactuals with Adversarial Refinement for Graph-Level Anomaly Detection18 Jul 2024
- 2024OCDB: Revisiting Causal Discovery with a Comprehensive Benchmark and Evaluation Framework7 Jun 2024
- 2024Investigating and unmasking feature-level vulnerabilities of CNNs to adversarial perturbations31 May 2024
- 2024Finding Visual Task Vectors8 Apr 2024
- 2024Causality from Bottom to Top: A Survey17 Mar 2024
- 2024A Survey of Explainable Knowledge Tracing12 Mar 2024
- 2024A Unified Causal View of Instruction Tuning9 Feb 2024
- 2024Counterfactual Image Editing7 Feb 2024
- 2024Towards Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): A Data Mining Perspective9 Jan 2024
- 2023Causal State Distillation for Explainable Reinforcement Learning30 Dec 2023
- 2023Probabilistic Prediction of Longitudinal Trajectory Considering Driving Heterogeneity with Interpretability19 Dec 2023
- 2023Towards Human-like Perception: Learning Structural Causal Model in Heterogeneous Graph10 Dec 2023
- 2023Recent Advances of Differential Privacy in Centralized Deep Learning: A Systematic Survey28 Sep 2023
- 2023Towards LLM-guided Causal Explainability for Black-box Text Classifiers23 Sep 2023
- 2023Inducing Causal Structure for Abstractive Text Summarization24 Aug 2023
- 2023CTP:A Causal Interpretable Model for Non-Communicable Disease Progression Prediction18 Aug 2023
- 2023Towards a Comprehensive Human-Centred Evaluation Framework for Explainable AI31 Jul 2023
- 2023Counterfactual Explanations for Graph Classification Through the Lenses of Density27 Jul 2023
- 2023Rumor Detection with Diverse Counterfactual Evidence18 Jul 2023
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- 2023Towards Characterizing Domain Counterfactuals For Invertible Latent Causal Models20 Jun 2023
- 2023Explainable Predictive Maintenance8 Jun 2023
- 2023Information Fusion via Symbolic Regression: A Tutorial in the Context of Human Health31 May 2023
- 2023Visual Knowledge Discovery with General Line Coordinates28 May 2023
- 2023Interpretation of Time-Series Deep Models: A Survey23 May 2023
- 2023Crime Prediction Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning: A Systematic Review and Future Directions28 Mar 2023
- 2023NAISR: A 3D Neural Additive Model for Interpretable Shape Representation16 Mar 2023
- 2023Causal Dependence Plots7 Mar 2023
- 2023Causal Deep Learning3 Mar 2023
- 2023A Review of the Role of Causality in Developing Trustworthy AI Systems14 Feb 2023
- 2022Explainable AI for Bioinformatics: Methods, Tools, and Applications25 Dec 2022
- 2022Interpretability and causal discovery of the machine learning models to predict the production of CBM wells after hydraulic fracturing21 Dec 2022
50 newest of 82 All 82 (JSON)
- 2022From Anecdotal Evidence to Quantitative Evaluation Methods: A Systematic Review on Evaluating Explainable AIcited by 299
- 2021Explainable AI (XAI): A Systematic Meta-Survey of Current Challenges and Future Opportunitiescited by 125
- 2021Interpretable Deep Learning: Interpretation, Interpretability, Trustworthiness, and Beyondcited by 116
- 2021A survey of Bayesian Network structure learningcited by 85
- 2022Towards Human-centered Explainable AI: A Survey of User Studies for Model Explanationscited by 84
- 2021Explainability of deep vision-based autonomous driving systems: Review and challengescited by 80
- 2021Explaining Time Series Predictions with Dynamic Maskscited by 72
- 2021Robust Counterfactual Explanations on Graph Neural Networkscited by 72
- 2022Causal Machine Learning for Healthcare and Precision Medicinecited by 68
- 2022"Help Me Help the AI": Understanding How Explainability Can Support Human-AI Interactioncited by 63
- 2021Socially Responsible AI Algorithms: Issues, Purposes, and Challengescited by 56
- 2021A Review on Explainability in Multimodal Deep Neural Netscited by 46
12 most cited of 80 All 80 (JSON)
- 2026Do emulated quantum circuits change what CNNs look at? Performance and explainability comparison in medical image classification23 Jul 2026
- 2026Does Topic Sentiment Cause Perceived Ideology? Comparing Human and LLM Annotations in Political News Articles4 Jun 2026
- 2026A Novel Computational Framework for Causal Inference: Tree-Based Discretization with ILP-Based Matching30 Apr 2026
- 2026Empirical Characterization of Rationale Stability Under Controlled Perturbations for Explainable Pattern Recognition6 Apr 2026
- 2025Cluster Paths: Navigating Interpretability in Neural Networks8 Oct 2025
- 2025CausalKANs: interpretable treatment effect estimation with Kolmogorov-Arnold networks26 Sep 2025
- 2025Looking in the mirror: A faithful counterfactual explanation method for interpreting deep image classification models20 Sep 2025
- 2025Entropic Causal Inference: Graph Identifiability19 Sep 2025
- 2025Searching for Actual Causes: Approximate Algorithms with Adjustable Precision10 Jul 2025
- 2025Deep Learning for Time Series Forecasting: A Survey13 Mar 2025
- 2025LucidAtlas: Learning Uncertainty-Aware, Covariate-Disentangled, Individualized Atlas Representations12 Feb 2025
- 2024Causal Interpretability for Adversarial Robustness: A Hybrid Generative Classification Approach28 Dec 2024
12 newest of 80 All 80 (JSON)