Towards Universal Representation Learning for Deep Face Recognition
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Abstract (arXiv)
Recognizing wild faces is extremely hard as they appear with all kinds of variations. Traditional methods either train with specifically annotated variation data from target domains, or by introducing unlabeled target variation data to adapt from the training data. Instead, we propose a universal representation learning framework that can deal with larger variation unseen in the given training data without leveraging target domain knowledge. We firstly synthesize training data alongside some semantically meaningful variations, such as low resolution, occlusion and head pose. However, directly feeding the augmented data for training will not converge well as the newly introduced samples are mostly hard examples. We propose to split the feature embedding into multiple sub-embeddings, and associate different confidence values for each sub-embedding to smooth the training procedure. The sub-embeddings are further decorrelated by regularizing variation classification loss and variation adversarial loss on different partitions of them. Experiments show that our method achieves top performance on general face recognition datasets such as LFW and MegaFace, while significantly better on extreme benchmarks such as TinyFace and IJB-S.
Key facts. Cited by 78 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 26 Feb 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 12; 2022: 18; 2023: 21; 2024: 13; 2025: 10; 2026: 4.
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- 2021Domain Generalization: A Surveycited by 760
- 2022AdaFace: Quality Adaptive Margin for Face Recognitioncited by 390
- 2022Killing Two Birds with One Stone:Efficient and Robust Training of Face Recognition CNNs by Partial FCcited by 73
- 2022Learn From All: Erasing Attention Consistency for Noisy Label Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 67
- 2022Fairness-aware Adversarial Perturbation Towards Bias Mitigation for Deployed Deep Modelscited by 47
- 2022WebFace260M: A Benchmark for Million-Scale Deep Face Recognitioncited by 41
- 2024KeyPoint Relative Position Encoding for Face Recognitioncited by 37
- 2022Controllable and Guided Face Synthesis for Unconstrained Face Recognitioncited by 22
- 2023DART: Diversify-Aggregate-Repeat Training Improves Generalization of Neural Networkscited by 20
- 2023A Quality Aware Sample-to-Sample Comparison for Face Recognitioncited by 17
- 2023Recognizability Embedding Enhancement for Very Low-Resolution Face Recognition and Quality Estimationcited by 16
- 2021LARNet: Lie Algebra Residual Network for Face Recognitioncited by 14
38 more
- 2023Modality-Agnostic Debiasing for Single Domain Generalizationcited by 14
- 2023Towards Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) in the Internet of Things (IoT): Opportunities and Challengescited by 14
- 2021Cross-Domain Similarity Learning for Face Recognition in Unseen Domainscited by 13
- 2024TopoFR: A Closer Look at Topology Alignment on Face Recognitioncited by 13
- 202550 Years of Automated Face Recognitioncited by 13
- 2023SAAN: Similarity-aware attention flow network for change detection with VHR remote sensing imagescited by 12
- 2023Foresee What You Will Learn: Data Augmentation for Domain Generalization in Non-stationary Environmentcited by 11
- 2021EQFace: A Simple Explicit Quality Network for Face Recognitioncited by 10
- 2023TFS-ViT: Token-Level Feature Stylization for Domain Generalizationcited by 10
- 2022BATT: Backdoor Attack with Transformation-based Triggerscited by 9
- 2024PhysMLE: Generalizable and Priors-Inclusive Multi-task Remote Physiological Measurementcited by 9
- 2025Face-LLaVA: Facial Expression and Attribute Understanding through Instruction Tuningcited by 9
- 2022Style Interleaved Learning for Generalizable Person Re-identificationcited by 8
- 2022Normalization Perturbation: A Simple Domain Generalization Method for Real-World Domain Shiftscited by 8
- 2021Harnessing Unrecognizable Faces for Improving Face Recognitioncited by 7
- 2022Local-Adaptive Face Recognition via Graph-based Meta-Clustering and Regularized Adaptationcited by 7
- 2022MorDeephy: Face Morphing Detection Via Fused Classificationcited by 7
- 2023CoReFace: Sample-Guided Contrastive Regularization for Deep Face Recognitioncited by 7
- 2024PromptTA: Prompt-driven Text Adapter for Source-free Domain Generalizationcited by 6
- 2024Egocentric zone-aware action recognition across environmentscited by 6
- 2021Recent Advances in Deep Learning Techniques for Face Recognitioncited by 5
- 2021OXnet: Omni-supervised Thoracic Disease Detection from Chest X-rayscited by 5
- 2024FDS: Feedback-guided Domain Synthesis with Multi-Source Conditional Diffusion Models for Domain Generalizationcited by 5
- 2024ARoFace: Alignment Robustness to Improve Low-Quality Face Recognitioncited by 4
- 2025Align the GAP: Prior-based Unified Multi-Task Remote Physiological Measurement Framework For Domain Generalization and Personalizationcited by 4
- 2022Pose Attention-Guided Profile-to-Frontal Face Recognitioncited by 3
- 2023Young Labeled Faces in the Wild (YLFW): A Dataset for Children Faces Recognitioncited by 3
- 2023ProS: Facial Omni-Representation Learning via Prototype-based Self-Distillationcited by 3
- 2024CATFace: Cross-Attribute-Guided Transformer with Self-Attention Distillation for Low-Quality Face Recognitioncited by 3
- 2021Attention-guided Progressive Mapping for Profile Face Recognitioncited by 2
- 2021Balanced Masked and Standard Face Recognitioncited by 2
- 2022Progressive Feature Learning for Realistic Cloth-Changing Gait Recognitioncited by 2
- 2023Dive into the Resolution Augmentations and Metrics in Low Resolution Face Recognition: A Plain yet Effective New Baselinecited by 2
- 2023DISPEL: Domain Generalization via Domain-Specific Liberatingcited by 2
- 2024Transitive Vision-Language Prompt Learning for Domain Generalizationcited by 2
- 2024WildFit: Autonomous In-situ Model Adaptation for Resource-Constrained IoT Systemscited by 2
- 2025Multimodal Causal-Driven Representation Learning for Generalizable Medical Image Segmentationcited by 2
- 2025QCFace: Image Quality Control for boosting Face Representation & Recognitioncited by 2
50 most cited of 78 All 78 (JSON)
- 2026Vision Transformers for Face Recognition Need More Registers10 Jun 2026
- 2026Bridge: Basis-Driven Causal Inference Marries VFMs for Domain Generalization29 Apr 2026
- 2026FunFace: Feature Utility and Norm Estimation for Face Recognition29 Apr 2026
- 2026CrossFlowDG: Bridging the Modality Gap with Cross-modal Flow Matching for Domain Generalization18 Apr 2026
- 2025QCFace: Image Quality Control for boosting Face Representation & Recognition17 Oct 2025
- 2025Multi-source Multimodal Progressive Domain Adaption for Audio-Visual Deception Detection18 Aug 2025
- 2025PaCo-FR: Patch-Pixel Aligned End-to-End Codebook Learning for Facial Representation Pre-training13 Aug 2025
- 2025Multimodal Causal-Driven Representation Learning for Generalizable Medical Image Segmentation7 Aug 2025
- 2025Should Bias be Eliminated? A General Framework to Use Bias for OOD Generalization22 Jul 2025
- 2025Text-Driven Causal Representation Learning for Source-Free Domain Generalization14 Jul 2025
- 2025Align the GAP: Prior-based Unified Multi-Task Remote Physiological Measurement Framework For Domain Generalization and Personalization19 Jun 2025
- 202550 Years of Automated Face Recognition30 May 2025
38 more
- 2025Face-LLaVA: Facial Expression and Attribute Understanding through Instruction Tuning9 Apr 2025
- 2025DGSAM: Domain Generalization via Individual Sharpness-Aware Minimization30 Mar 2025
- 2024Local and Global Feature Attention Fusion Network for Face Recognition25 Nov 2024
- 2024TopoFR: A Closer Look at Topology Alignment on Face Recognition14 Oct 2024
- 2024Egocentric zone-aware action recognition across environments21 Sep 2024
- 2024PromptTA: Prompt-driven Text Adapter for Source-free Domain Generalization21 Sep 2024
- 2024SymFace: Additional Facial Symmetry Loss for Deep Face Recognition18 Sep 2024
- 2024WildFit: Autonomous In-situ Model Adaptation for Resource-Constrained IoT Systems12 Sep 2024
- 2024ARoFace: Alignment Robustness to Improve Low-Quality Face Recognition20 Jul 2024
- 2024FDS: Feedback-guided Domain Synthesis with Multi-Source Conditional Diffusion Models for Domain Generalization4 Jul 2024
- 2024PhysMLE: Generalizable and Priors-Inclusive Multi-task Remote Physiological Measurement10 May 2024
- 2024Transitive Vision-Language Prompt Learning for Domain Generalization29 Apr 2024
- 2024Utilizing Adversarial Examples for Bias Mitigation and Accuracy Enhancement18 Apr 2024
- 2024KeyPoint Relative Position Encoding for Face Recognition21 Mar 2024
- 2024CATFace: Cross-Attribute-Guided Transformer with Self-Attention Distillation for Low-Quality Face Recognition5 Jan 2024
- 2023QGFace: Quality-Guided Joint Training For Mixed-Quality Face Recognition29 Dec 2023
- 2023Improved Face Representation via Joint Label Classification and Supervised Contrastive Clustering7 Dec 2023
- 2023ProS: Facial Omni-Representation Learning via Prototype-based Self-Distillation3 Nov 2023
- 2023Weight Averaging Improves Knowledge Distillation under Domain Shift20 Sep 2023
- 2023Towards Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) in the Internet of Things (IoT): Opportunities and Challenges14 Sep 2023
- 2023Fused Classification For Differential Face Morphing Detection1 Sep 2023
- 2023SAAN: Similarity-aware attention flow network for change detection with VHR remote sensing images28 Aug 2023
- 2023Deep Boosting Multi-Modal Ensemble Face Recognition with Sample-Level Weighting18 Aug 2023
- 2023CCFace: Classification Consistency for Low-Resolution Face Recognition18 Aug 2023
- 2023DISPEL: Domain Generalization via Domain-Specific Liberating14 Jul 2023
- 2023A Quality Aware Sample-to-Sample Comparison for Face Recognition6 Jun 2023
- 2023CoReFace: Sample-Guided Contrastive Regularization for Deep Face Recognition23 Apr 2023
- 2023Recognizability Embedding Enhancement for Very Low-Resolution Face Recognition and Quality Estimation20 Apr 2023
- 2023TFS-ViT: Token-Level Feature Stylization for Domain Generalization28 Mar 2023
- 2023Modality-Agnostic Debiasing for Single Domain Generalization13 Mar 2023
- 2023DART: Diversify-Aggregate-Repeat Training Improves Generalization of Neural Networks28 Feb 2023
- 2023DaliID: Distortion-Adaptive Learned Invariance for Identification Models11 Feb 2023
- 2023Dive into the Resolution Augmentations and Metrics in Low Resolution Face Recognition: A Plain yet Effective New Baseline11 Feb 2023
- 2023Enhancing Face Recognition with Latent Space Data Augmentation and Facial Posture Reconstruction27 Jan 2023
- 2023Foresee What You Will Learn: Data Augmentation for Domain Generalization in Non-stationary Environment19 Jan 2023
- 2023Young Labeled Faces in the Wild (YLFW): A Dataset for Children Faces Recognition13 Jan 2023
- 2022A Survey of Face Recognition26 Dec 2022
- 2022Normalization Perturbation: A Simple Domain Generalization Method for Real-World Domain Shifts8 Nov 2022
50 newest of 78 All 78 (JSON)
- 2021Domain Generalization: A Surveycited by 760
- 2022AdaFace: Quality Adaptive Margin for Face Recognitioncited by 390
- 2022Killing Two Birds with One Stone:Efficient and Robust Training of Face Recognition CNNs by Partial FCcited by 73
- 2022Learn From All: Erasing Attention Consistency for Noisy Label Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 67
- 2022Fairness-aware Adversarial Perturbation Towards Bias Mitigation for Deployed Deep Modelscited by 47
- 2022WebFace260M: A Benchmark for Million-Scale Deep Face Recognitioncited by 41
- 2024KeyPoint Relative Position Encoding for Face Recognitioncited by 37
- 2022Controllable and Guided Face Synthesis for Unconstrained Face Recognitioncited by 22
- 2023DART: Diversify-Aggregate-Repeat Training Improves Generalization of Neural Networkscited by 20
- 2023A Quality Aware Sample-to-Sample Comparison for Face Recognitioncited by 17
- 2023Recognizability Embedding Enhancement for Very Low-Resolution Face Recognition and Quality Estimationcited by 16
- 2021LARNet: Lie Algebra Residual Network for Face Recognitioncited by 14
12 most cited of 74 All 74 (JSON)
- 2026Vision Transformers for Face Recognition Need More Registers10 Jun 2026
- 2026Bridge: Basis-Driven Causal Inference Marries VFMs for Domain Generalization29 Apr 2026
- 2026FunFace: Feature Utility and Norm Estimation for Face Recognition29 Apr 2026
- 2025QCFace: Image Quality Control for boosting Face Representation & Recognition17 Oct 2025
- 2025Multi-source Multimodal Progressive Domain Adaption for Audio-Visual Deception Detection18 Aug 2025
- 2025PaCo-FR: Patch-Pixel Aligned End-to-End Codebook Learning for Facial Representation Pre-training13 Aug 2025
- 2025Should Bias be Eliminated? A General Framework to Use Bias for OOD Generalization22 Jul 2025
- 2025Text-Driven Causal Representation Learning for Source-Free Domain Generalization14 Jul 2025
- 2025Align the GAP: Prior-based Unified Multi-Task Remote Physiological Measurement Framework For Domain Generalization and Personalization19 Jun 2025
- 202550 Years of Automated Face Recognition30 May 2025
- 2025Face-LLaVA: Facial Expression and Attribute Understanding through Instruction Tuning9 Apr 2025
- 2025DGSAM: Domain Generalization via Individual Sharpness-Aware Minimization30 Mar 2025
12 newest of 74 All 74 (JSON)