CybORG: An Autonomous Cyber Operations Research Gym
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Abstract (arXiv)
Autonomous Cyber Operations (ACO) involves the consideration of blue team (defender) and red team (attacker) decision-making models in adversarial scenarios. To support the application of machine learning algorithms to solve this problem, and to encourage such practitioners to attend to problems in the ACO setting, a suitable gym (toolkit for experiments) is necessary. We introduce CybORG, a work-in-progress gym for ACO research. Driven by the need to efficiently support reinforcement learning to train adversarial decision-making models through simulation and emulation, our design differs from prior related work. Our early evaluation provides some evidence that CybORG is appropriate for our purpose and may provide a basis for advancing ACO research towards practical applications.
Key facts. Cited by 15 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 25 Feb 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 0; 2023: 2; 2024: 1; 2025: 5; 2026: 4.
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- 2021Deep hierarchical reinforcement agents for automated penetration testingcited by 19
- 2021CyGIL: A Cyber Gym for Training Autonomous Agents over Emulated Network Systemscited by 11
- 2021Network Defense is Not a Gamecited by 6
- 2023Deep Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Cyber Defence: A Surveycited by 6
- 2023Enabling A Network AI Gym for Autonomous Cyber Agentscited by 3
- 2025A Comparative Evaluation of Teacher-Guided Reinforcement Learning Techniques for Autonomous Cyber Operationscited by 2
- 2024Countering Autonomous Cyber Threatscited by 1
- 2025Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning in Cybersecurity: From Fundamentals to Applicationscited by 1
- 2025Training RL Agents for Multi-Objective Network Defense Taskscited by 1
- 2025Interpreting Agent Behaviors in Reinforcement-Learning-Based Cyber-Battle Simulation Platformscited by 1
- 2025PHASE: Passive Human Activity Simulation Evaluationcited by 1
- 2026OpenSec: Measuring Incident Response Agent Calibration Under Adversarial Evidencecited by 1
3 more
- 2026SENTINEL-RL: Offloading Topological Reasoning from LLM Agents in the Security Operations Centercited by 1
- 2026Distilling Knowledge from Large Language Models into Lightweight Reinforcement Learning Agents for Autonomous Cyber Operationscited by 0
- 2026No One Architecture Fits All: A Cross-Environment Evaluation of Hierarchical Red Team Agentscited by 0
- 2026No One Architecture Fits All: A Cross-Environment Evaluation of Hierarchical Red Team Agents30 Sep 2026
- 2026SENTINEL-RL: Offloading Topological Reasoning from LLM Agents in the Security Operations Center3 Sep 2026
- 2026Distilling Knowledge from Large Language Models into Lightweight Reinforcement Learning Agents for Autonomous Cyber Operations30 Jul 2026
- 2026OpenSec: Measuring Incident Response Agent Calibration Under Adversarial Evidence28 Jan 2026
- 2025A Comparative Evaluation of Teacher-Guided Reinforcement Learning Techniques for Autonomous Cyber Operations20 Aug 2025
- 2025PHASE: Passive Human Activity Simulation Evaluation17 Jul 2025
- 2025Interpreting Agent Behaviors in Reinforcement-Learning-Based Cyber-Battle Simulation Platforms9 Jun 2025
- 2025Training RL Agents for Multi-Objective Network Defense Tasks28 May 2025
- 2025Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning in Cybersecurity: From Fundamentals to Applications26 May 2025
- 2024Countering Autonomous Cyber Threats23 Oct 2024
- 2023Deep Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Cyber Defence: A Survey11 Oct 2023
- 2023Enabling A Network AI Gym for Autonomous Cyber Agents3 Apr 2023
3 more
- 2026OpenSec: Measuring Incident Response Agent Calibration Under Adversarial Evidencecited by 1
- 2026Distilling Knowledge from Large Language Models into Lightweight Reinforcement Learning Agents for Autonomous Cyber Operationscited by 0
- 2026No One Architecture Fits All: A Cross-Environment Evaluation of Hierarchical Red Team Agentscited by 0
- 2026No One Architecture Fits All: A Cross-Environment Evaluation of Hierarchical Red Team Agents30 Sep 2026
- 2026Distilling Knowledge from Large Language Models into Lightweight Reinforcement Learning Agents for Autonomous Cyber Operations30 Jul 2026
- 2026OpenSec: Measuring Incident Response Agent Calibration Under Adversarial Evidence28 Jan 2026
- 2021Deep hierarchical reinforcement agents for automated penetration testingcited by 19
- 2021CyGIL: A Cyber Gym for Training Autonomous Agents over Emulated Network Systemscited by 11
- 2021Network Defense is Not a Gamecited by 6
- 2023Deep Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Cyber Defence: A Surveycited by 6
- 2023Enabling A Network AI Gym for Autonomous Cyber Agentscited by 3
- 2025A Comparative Evaluation of Teacher-Guided Reinforcement Learning Techniques for Autonomous Cyber Operationscited by 2
- 2024Countering Autonomous Cyber Threatscited by 1
- 2025Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning in Cybersecurity: From Fundamentals to Applicationscited by 1
- 2025Training RL Agents for Multi-Objective Network Defense Taskscited by 1
- 2025Interpreting Agent Behaviors in Reinforcement-Learning-Based Cyber-Battle Simulation Platformscited by 1
- 2025PHASE: Passive Human Activity Simulation Evaluationcited by 1
- 2025A Comparative Evaluation of Teacher-Guided Reinforcement Learning Techniques for Autonomous Cyber Operations20 Aug 2025
- 2025PHASE: Passive Human Activity Simulation Evaluation17 Jul 2025
- 2025Interpreting Agent Behaviors in Reinforcement-Learning-Based Cyber-Battle Simulation Platforms9 Jun 2025
- 2025Training RL Agents for Multi-Objective Network Defense Tasks28 May 2025
- 2025Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning in Cybersecurity: From Fundamentals to Applications26 May 2025
- 2024Countering Autonomous Cyber Threats23 Oct 2024
- 2023Deep Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Cyber Defence: A Survey11 Oct 2023
- 2023Enabling A Network AI Gym for Autonomous Cyber Agents3 Apr 2023
- 2021Deep hierarchical reinforcement agents for automated penetration testing14 Sep 2021
- 2021CyGIL: A Cyber Gym for Training Autonomous Agents over Emulated Network Systems7 Sep 2021
- 2021Network Defense is Not a Game20 Apr 2021