ScaIL: Classifier Weights Scaling for Class Incremental Learning
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Abstract (arXiv)
Incremental learning is useful if an AI agent needs to integrate data from a stream. The problem is non trivial if the agent runs on a limited computational budget and has a bounded memory of past data. In a deep learning approach, the constant computational budget requires the use of a fixed architecture for all incremental states. The bounded memory generates data imbalance in favor of new classes and a prediction bias toward them appears. This bias is commonly countered by introducing a data balancing step in addition to the basic network training. We depart from this approach and propose simple but efficient scaling of past class classifier weights to make them more comparable to those of new classes. Scaling exploits incremental state level statistics and is applied to the classifiers learned in the initial state of classes in order to profit from all their available data. We also question the utility of the widely used distillation loss component of incremental learning algorithms by comparing it to vanilla fine tuning in presence of a bounded memory. Evaluation is done against competitive baselines using four public datasets. Results show that the classifier weights scaling and the removal of the distillation are both beneficial.
Key facts. Cited by 47 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 16 Jan 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 16; 2022: 14; 2023: 6; 2024: 6; 2025: 4; 2026: 1.
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- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Continual Learning: Theory, Method and Applicationcited by 860
- 2021Dataset Condensation with Distribution Matchingcited by 362
- 2021Dataset Condensation with Differentiable Siamese Augmentationcited by 290
- 2021Online Continual Learning in Image Classification: An Empirical Surveycited by 242
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- 2023DataDAM: Efficient Dataset Distillation with Attention Matchingcited by 83
- 2021Replay in Deep Learning: Current Approaches and Missing Biological Elementscited by 71
- 2022DC-BENCH: Dataset Condensation Benchmarkcited by 67
- 2022Graph Condensation via Receptive Field Distribution Matchingcited by 60
- 2021Recent Advances of Continual Learning in Computer Vision: An Overviewcited by 55
35 more
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- 2021Generalized and Incremental Few-Shot Learning by Explicit Learning and Calibration without Forgettingcited by 33
- 2023Catastrophic Forgetting in Deep Learning: A Comprehensive Taxonomycited by 24
- 2023S3C: Self-Supervised Stochastic Classifiers for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 23
- 2022Attribution-aware Weight Transfer: A Warm-Start Initialization for Class-Incremental Semantic Segmentationcited by 21
- 2021Improving Vision Transformers for Incremental Learningcited by 17
- 2021Tackling Catastrophic Forgetting and Background Shift in Continual Semantic Segmentationcited by 15
- 2024Neural Spectral Decomposition for Dataset Distillationcited by 14
- 2022Few-shot Class-incremental Learning for 3D Point Cloud Objectscited by 13
- 2021Do Not Forget to Attend to Uncertainty while Mitigating Catastrophic Forgettingcited by 12
- 2021Coarse-To-Fine Incremental Few-Shot Learningcited by 9
- 2021Self-Supervised Features Improve Open-World Learningcited by 8
- 2024PASS++: A Dual Bias Reduction Framework for Non-Exemplar Class-Incremental Learningcited by 7
- 2021A First Look at Class Incremental Learning in Deep Learning Mobile Traffic Classificationcited by 4
- 2022Queried Unlabeled Data Improves and Robustifies Class-Incremental Learningcited by 4
- 2023Bayesian Pseudo-Coresets via Contrastive Divergencecited by 4
- 2024Task Confusion and Catastrophic Forgetting in Class-Incremental Learning: A Mathematical Framework for Discriminative and Generative Modelingscited by 4
- 2021Generative Feature-driven Image Replay for Continual Learningcited by 3
- 2022Cold Start Streaming Learning for Deep Networkscited by 3
- 2023Not All Data Matters: An End-to-End Adaptive Dataset Pruning Framework for Enhancing Model Performance and Efficiencycited by 3
- 2024ATOM: Attention Mixer for Efficient Dataset Distillationcited by 3
- 2024Foundation Model-Powered 3D Few-Shot Class Incremental Learning via Training-free Adaptorcited by 3
- 2024Decomposed Distribution Matching in Dataset Condensationcited by 3
- 2025RL-Selector: Reinforcement Learning-Guided Data Selection via Redundancy Assessmentcited by 3
- 2021Energy Aligning for Biased Modelscited by 2
- 2025OpenEarthSensing: Large-Scale Fine-Grained Benchmark for Open-World Remote Sensingcited by 2
- 2022APP: Anytime Progressive Pruningcited by 1
- 2021ClaRe: Practical Class Incremental Learning By Remembering Previous Class Representationscited by 0
- 2022Self-Paced Imbalance Rectification for Class Incremental Learningcited by 0
- 2022CAFE: Learning to Condense Dataset by Aligning Featurescited by 0
- 2022Progressive Voronoi Diagram Subdivision: Towards A Holistic Geometric Framework for Exemplar-free Class-Incremental Learningcited by 0
- 2025Dataset Distillation of 3D Point Clouds via Distribution Matchingcited by 0
- 2025Unsupervised Incremental Learning Using Confidence-Based Pseudo-Labelscited by 0
- 2026Understanding Imbalanced Forgetting in Rehearsal-Based Class-Incremental Learningcited by 0
- 2026Understanding Imbalanced Forgetting in Rehearsal-Based Class-Incremental Learning14 May 2026
- 2025Unsupervised Incremental Learning Using Confidence-Based Pseudo-Labels29 Aug 2025
- 2025RL-Selector: Reinforcement Learning-Guided Data Selection via Redundancy Assessment26 Jun 2025
- 2025Dataset Distillation of 3D Point Clouds via Distribution Matching28 Mar 2025
- 2025OpenEarthSensing: Large-Scale Fine-Grained Benchmark for Open-World Remote Sensing28 Feb 2025
- 2024Decomposed Distribution Matching in Dataset Condensation6 Dec 2024
- 2024Task Confusion and Catastrophic Forgetting in Class-Incremental Learning: A Mathematical Framework for Discriminative and Generative Modelings28 Oct 2024
- 2024Foundation Model-Powered 3D Few-Shot Class Incremental Learning via Training-free Adaptor11 Oct 2024
- 2024Neural Spectral Decomposition for Dataset Distillation29 Aug 2024
- 2024PASS++: A Dual Bias Reduction Framework for Non-Exemplar Class-Incremental Learning19 Jul 2024
- 2024ATOM: Attention Mixer for Efficient Dataset Distillation2 May 2024
- 2023Catastrophic Forgetting in Deep Learning: A Comprehensive Taxonomy16 Dec 2023
35 more
- 2023Not All Data Matters: An End-to-End Adaptive Dataset Pruning Framework for Enhancing Model Performance and Efficiency9 Dec 2023
- 2023DataDAM: Efficient Dataset Distillation with Attention Matching29 Sep 2023
- 2023S3C: Self-Supervised Stochastic Classifiers for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning5 Jul 2023
- 2023Bayesian Pseudo-Coresets via Contrastive Divergence20 Mar 2023
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Continual Learning: Theory, Method and Application31 Jan 2023
- 2022Cold Start Streaming Learning for Deep Networks9 Nov 2022
- 2022Dataset Distillation via Factorization30 Oct 2022
- 2022Efficient Dataset Distillation Using Random Feature Approximation21 Oct 2022
- 2022Attribution-aware Weight Transfer: A Warm-Start Initialization for Class-Incremental Semantic Segmentation13 Oct 2022
- 2022Delving into Effective Gradient Matching for Dataset Condensation30 Jul 2022
- 2022Progressive Voronoi Diagram Subdivision: Towards A Holistic Geometric Framework for Exemplar-free Class-Incremental Learning28 Jul 2022
- 2022DC-BENCH: Dataset Condensation Benchmark20 Jul 2022
- 2022Graph Condensation via Receptive Field Distribution Matching28 Jun 2022
- 2022Queried Unlabeled Data Improves and Robustifies Class-Incremental Learning15 Jun 2022
- 2022Few-shot Class-incremental Learning for 3D Point Cloud Objects30 May 2022
- 2022Dataset Pruning: Reducing Training Data by Examining Generalization Influence19 May 2022
- 2022APP: Anytime Progressive Pruning4 Apr 2022
- 2022CAFE: Learning to Condense Dataset by Aligning Features3 Mar 2022
- 2022Self-Paced Imbalance Rectification for Class Incremental Learning8 Feb 2022
- 2021Improving Vision Transformers for Incremental Learning12 Dec 2021
- 2021Coarse-To-Fine Incremental Few-Shot Learning24 Nov 2021
- 2021Dataset Condensation with Distribution Matching8 Oct 2021
- 2021Recent Advances of Continual Learning in Computer Vision: An Overview23 Sep 2021
- 2021Generalized and Incremental Few-Shot Learning by Explicit Learning and Calibration without Forgetting18 Aug 2021
- 2021A First Look at Class Incremental Learning in Deep Learning Mobile Traffic Classification9 Jul 2021
- 2021Tackling Catastrophic Forgetting and Background Shift in Continual Semantic Segmentation29 Jun 2021
- 2021Generative Feature-driven Image Replay for Continual Learning9 Jun 2021
- 2021Energy Aligning for Biased Models7 Jun 2021
- 2021Class-Incremental Learning with Generative Classifiers20 Apr 2021
- 2021Replay in Deep Learning: Current Approaches and Missing Biological Elements1 Apr 2021
- 2021ClaRe: Practical Class Incremental Learning By Remembering Previous Class Representations29 Mar 2021
- 2021Dataset Condensation with Differentiable Siamese Augmentation16 Feb 2021
- 2021Self-Supervised Features Improve Open-World Learning15 Feb 2021
- 2021Do Not Forget to Attend to Uncertainty while Mitigating Catastrophic Forgetting3 Feb 2021
- 2021Online Continual Learning in Image Classification: An Empirical Survey25 Jan 2021
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Continual Learning: Theory, Method and Applicationcited by 860
- 2021Dataset Condensation with Distribution Matchingcited by 362
- 2021Dataset Condensation with Differentiable Siamese Augmentationcited by 290
- 2021Online Continual Learning in Image Classification: An Empirical Surveycited by 242
- 2022Dataset Pruning: Reducing Training Data by Examining Generalization Influencecited by 132
- 2022Dataset Distillation via Factorizationcited by 115
- 2022Efficient Dataset Distillation Using Random Feature Approximationcited by 111
- 2023DataDAM: Efficient Dataset Distillation with Attention Matchingcited by 83
- 2021Replay in Deep Learning: Current Approaches and Missing Biological Elementscited by 71
- 2022DC-BENCH: Dataset Condensation Benchmarkcited by 67
- 2022Graph Condensation via Receptive Field Distribution Matchingcited by 60
- 2021Recent Advances of Continual Learning in Computer Vision: An Overviewcited by 55
12 most cited of 47 All 47 (JSON)
- 2026Understanding Imbalanced Forgetting in Rehearsal-Based Class-Incremental Learning14 May 2026
- 2025Unsupervised Incremental Learning Using Confidence-Based Pseudo-Labels29 Aug 2025
- 2025RL-Selector: Reinforcement Learning-Guided Data Selection via Redundancy Assessment26 Jun 2025
- 2025Dataset Distillation of 3D Point Clouds via Distribution Matching28 Mar 2025
- 2025OpenEarthSensing: Large-Scale Fine-Grained Benchmark for Open-World Remote Sensing28 Feb 2025
- 2024Decomposed Distribution Matching in Dataset Condensation6 Dec 2024
- 2024Task Confusion and Catastrophic Forgetting in Class-Incremental Learning: A Mathematical Framework for Discriminative and Generative Modelings28 Oct 2024
- 2024Foundation Model-Powered 3D Few-Shot Class Incremental Learning via Training-free Adaptor11 Oct 2024
- 2024Neural Spectral Decomposition for Dataset Distillation29 Aug 2024
- 2024PASS++: A Dual Bias Reduction Framework for Non-Exemplar Class-Incremental Learning19 Jul 2024
- 2024ATOM: Attention Mixer for Efficient Dataset Distillation2 May 2024
- 2023Catastrophic Forgetting in Deep Learning: A Comprehensive Taxonomy16 Dec 2023
12 newest of 47 All 47 (JSON)