Automatic Spanish Translation of the SQuAD Dataset for Multilingual Question Answering
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Abstract (arXiv)
Recently, multilingual question answering became a crucial research topic, and it is receiving increased interest in the NLP community. However, the unavailability of large-scale datasets makes it challenging to train multilingual QA systems with performance comparable to the English ones. In this work, we develop the Translate Align Retrieve (TAR) method to automatically translate the Stanford Question Answering Dataset (SQuAD) v1.1 to Spanish. We then used this dataset to train Spanish QA systems by fine-tuning a Multilingual-BERT model. Finally, we evaluated our QA models with the recently proposed MLQA and XQuAD benchmarks for cross-lingual Extractive QA. Experimental results show that our models outperform the previous Multilingual-BERT baselines achieving the new state-of-the-art value of 68.1 F1 points on the Spanish MLQA corpus and 77.6 F1 and 61.8 Exact Match points on the Spanish XQuAD corpus. The resulting, synthetically generated SQuAD-es v1.1 corpora, with almost 100% of data contained in the original English version, to the best of our knowledge, is the first large-scale QA training resource for Spanish.
Key facts. Cited by 35 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 11 Dec 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 6; 2023: 8; 2024: 12; 2025: 3.
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- 2021mMARCO: A Multilingual Version of the MS MARCO Passage Ranking Datasetcited by 116
- 2021QA Dataset Explosion: A Taxonomy of NLP Resources for Question Answering and Reading Comprehensioncited by 91
- 2023Spanish Pre-trained BERT Model and Evaluation Datacited by 81
- 2022Generative Language Models for Paragraph-Level Question Generationcited by 28
- 2021English Machine Reading Comprehension Datasets: A Surveycited by 26
- 2023An Efficient Multilingual Language Model Compression through Vocabulary Trimmingcited by 19
- 2022PQuAD: A Persian Question Answering Datasetcited by 14
- 2021MergeDistill: Merging Pre-trained Language Models using Distillationcited by 13
- 2023A Practical Toolkit for Multilingual Question and Answer Generationcited by 10
- 2021Analyzing Zero-shot Cross-lingual Transfer in Supervised NLP Taskscited by 8
- 2022On the Usability of Transformers-based models for a French Question-Answering taskcited by 8
- 2025Do Sparse Autoencoders Generalize? A Case Study of Answerabilitycited by 8
23 more
- 2021FQuAD2.0: French Question Answering and knowing that you know nothingcited by 7
- 2024KazQAD: Kazakh Open-Domain Question Answering Datasetcited by 7
- 2022ALBETO and DistilBETO: Lightweight Spanish Language Modelscited by 6
- 2023Explanatory Argument Extraction of Correct Answers in Resident Medical Examscited by 6
- 2022RigoBERTa: A State-of-the-Art Language Model For Spanishcited by 5
- 2023PCoQA: Persian Conversational Question Answering Datasetcited by 5
- 2024PORTULAN ExtraGLUE Datasets and Models: Kick-starting a Benchmark for the Neural Processing of Portuguesecited by 5
- 2024TIGQA:An Expert Annotated Question Answering Dataset in Tigrinyacited by 5
- 2023Interpreting Indirect Answers to Yes-No Questions in Multiple Languagescited by 2
- 2022Question Answering and Question Generation for Finnishcited by 1
- 2024FairytaleQA Translated: Enabling Educational Question and Answer Generation in Less-Resourced Languagescited by 1
- 2024SynDARin: Synthesising Datasets for Automated Reasoning in Low-Resource Languagescited by 1
- 2024ACE-2005-PT: Corpus for Event Extraction in Portuguesecited by 1
- 2025Finnish SQuAD: A Simple Approach to Machine Translation of Span Annotationscited by 1
- 2023SkillNet-X: A Multilingual Multitask Model with Sparsely Activated Skillscited by 0
- 2023Language Model Knowledge Distillation for Efficient Question Answering in Spanishcited by 0
- 2024Building Efficient and Effective OpenQA Systems for Low-Resource Languagescited by 0
- 2024Synthetic Dataset Creation and Fine-Tuning of Transformer Models for Question Answering in Serbiancited by 0
- 2024EuSQuAD: Automatically Translated and Aligned SQuAD2.0 for Basquecited by 0
- 2024Translation of Multifaceted Data without Re-Training of Machine Translation Systemscited by 0
- 2024Datasets for Multilingual Answer Sentence Selectioncited by 0
- 2024Building a Rich Dataset to Empower the Persian Question Answering Systemscited by 0
- 2025Arctic-Extract Technical Reportcited by 0
- 2025Arctic-Extract Technical Report20 Nov 2025
- 2025Do Sparse Autoencoders Generalize? A Case Study of Answerability27 Feb 2025
- 2025Finnish SQuAD: A Simple Approach to Machine Translation of Span Annotations10 Jan 2025
- 2024Building a Rich Dataset to Empower the Persian Question Answering Systems28 Dec 2024
- 2024ACE-2005-PT: Corpus for Event Extraction in Portuguese29 Aug 2024
- 2024SynDARin: Synthesising Datasets for Automated Reasoning in Low-Resource Languages20 Jun 2024
- 2024Datasets for Multilingual Answer Sentence Selection14 Jun 2024
- 2024FairytaleQA Translated: Enabling Educational Question and Answer Generation in Less-Resourced Languages6 Jun 2024
- 2024TIGQA:An Expert Annotated Question Answering Dataset in Tigrinya26 Apr 2024
- 2024Translation of Multifaceted Data without Re-Training of Machine Translation Systems25 Apr 2024
- 2024EuSQuAD: Automatically Translated and Aligned SQuAD2.0 for Basque18 Apr 2024
- 2024Synthetic Dataset Creation and Fine-Tuning of Transformer Models for Question Answering in Serbian12 Apr 2024
23 more
- 2024PORTULAN ExtraGLUE Datasets and Models: Kick-starting a Benchmark for the Neural Processing of Portuguese8 Apr 2024
- 2024KazQAD: Kazakh Open-Domain Question Answering Dataset6 Apr 2024
- 2024Building Efficient and Effective OpenQA Systems for Low-Resource Languages7 Jan 2024
- 2023PCoQA: Persian Conversational Question Answering Dataset7 Dec 2023
- 2023Language Model Knowledge Distillation for Efficient Question Answering in Spanish7 Dec 2023
- 2023Explanatory Argument Extraction of Correct Answers in Resident Medical Exams1 Dec 2023
- 2023Interpreting Indirect Answers to Yes-No Questions in Multiple Languages20 Oct 2023
- 2023Spanish Pre-trained BERT Model and Evaluation Data6 Aug 2023
- 2023SkillNet-X: A Multilingual Multitask Model with Sparsely Activated Skills28 Jun 2023
- 2023A Practical Toolkit for Multilingual Question and Answer Generation27 May 2023
- 2023An Efficient Multilingual Language Model Compression through Vocabulary Trimming24 May 2023
- 2022Question Answering and Question Generation for Finnish24 Nov 2022
- 2022Generative Language Models for Paragraph-Level Question Generation8 Oct 2022
- 2022On the Usability of Transformers-based models for a French Question-Answering task19 Jul 2022
- 2022RigoBERTa: A State-of-the-Art Language Model For Spanish27 Apr 2022
- 2022ALBETO and DistilBETO: Lightweight Spanish Language Models19 Apr 2022
- 2022PQuAD: A Persian Question Answering Dataset13 Feb 2022
- 2021FQuAD2.0: French Question Answering and knowing that you know nothing27 Sep 2021
- 2021mMARCO: A Multilingual Version of the MS MARCO Passage Ranking Dataset31 Aug 2021
- 2021QA Dataset Explosion: A Taxonomy of NLP Resources for Question Answering and Reading Comprehension27 Jul 2021
- 2021MergeDistill: Merging Pre-trained Language Models using Distillation5 Jun 2021
- 2021Analyzing Zero-shot Cross-lingual Transfer in Supervised NLP Tasks26 Jan 2021
- 2021English Machine Reading Comprehension Datasets: A Survey25 Jan 2021
- 2021mMARCO: A Multilingual Version of the MS MARCO Passage Ranking Datasetcited by 116
- 2021QA Dataset Explosion: A Taxonomy of NLP Resources for Question Answering and Reading Comprehensioncited by 91
- 2023Spanish Pre-trained BERT Model and Evaluation Datacited by 81
- 2022Generative Language Models for Paragraph-Level Question Generationcited by 28
- 2021English Machine Reading Comprehension Datasets: A Surveycited by 26
- 2023An Efficient Multilingual Language Model Compression through Vocabulary Trimmingcited by 19
- 2022PQuAD: A Persian Question Answering Datasetcited by 14
- 2021MergeDistill: Merging Pre-trained Language Models using Distillationcited by 13
- 2023A Practical Toolkit for Multilingual Question and Answer Generationcited by 10
- 2021Analyzing Zero-shot Cross-lingual Transfer in Supervised NLP Taskscited by 8
- 2022On the Usability of Transformers-based models for a French Question-Answering taskcited by 8
- 2025Do Sparse Autoencoders Generalize? A Case Study of Answerabilitycited by 8
12 most cited of 34 All 34 (JSON)
- 2025Arctic-Extract Technical Report20 Nov 2025
- 2025Do Sparse Autoencoders Generalize? A Case Study of Answerability27 Feb 2025
- 2025Finnish SQuAD: A Simple Approach to Machine Translation of Span Annotations10 Jan 2025
- 2024Building a Rich Dataset to Empower the Persian Question Answering Systems28 Dec 2024
- 2024ACE-2005-PT: Corpus for Event Extraction in Portuguese29 Aug 2024
- 2024Datasets for Multilingual Answer Sentence Selection14 Jun 2024
- 2024FairytaleQA Translated: Enabling Educational Question and Answer Generation in Less-Resourced Languages6 Jun 2024
- 2024TIGQA:An Expert Annotated Question Answering Dataset in Tigrinya26 Apr 2024
- 2024Translation of Multifaceted Data without Re-Training of Machine Translation Systems25 Apr 2024
- 2024EuSQuAD: Automatically Translated and Aligned SQuAD2.0 for Basque18 Apr 2024
- 2024Synthetic Dataset Creation and Fine-Tuning of Transformer Models for Question Answering in Serbian12 Apr 2024
- 2024PORTULAN ExtraGLUE Datasets and Models: Kick-starting a Benchmark for the Neural Processing of Portuguese8 Apr 2024
12 newest of 34 All 34 (JSON)