Deep Reinforcement Learning for Multi-Driver Vehicle Dispatching and Repositioning Problem
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Abstract (arXiv)
Order dispatching and driver repositioning (also known as fleet management) in the face of spatially and temporally varying supply and demand are central to a ride-sharing platform marketplace. Hand-crafting heuristic solutions that account for the dynamics in these resource allocation problems is difficult, and may be better handled by an end-to-end machine learning method. Previous works have explored machine learning methods to the problem from a high-level perspective, where the learning method is responsible for either repositioning the drivers or dispatching orders, and as a further simplification, the drivers are considered independent agents maximizing their own reward functions. In this paper we present a deep reinforcement learning approach for tackling the full fleet management and dispatching problems. In addition to treating the drivers as individual agents, we consider the problem from a system-centric perspective, where a central fleet management agent is responsible for decision-making for all drivers.
Key facts. Cited by 29 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 25 Nov 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 5; 2023: 7; 2024: 3; 2025: 6.
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- 2021Reinforcement Learning for Ridesharing: An Extended Surveycited by 35
- 2021Graph Neural Network Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Mobility-on-Demand Systemscited by 28
- 2021Real-world Ride-hailing Vehicle Repositioning using Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 22
- 2021An Overview and Experimental Study of Learning-based Optimization Algorithms for Vehicle Routing Problemcited by 22
- 2022Hybrid Multi-agent Deep Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Mobility on Demand Systemscited by 18
- 2022A Robust and Constrained Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Electric Vehicle Rebalancing Method in AMoD Systemscited by 11
- 2023A Better Match for Drivers and Riders: Reinforcement Learning at Lyftcited by 9
- 2024An End-to-End Reinforcement Learning Based Approach for Micro-View Order-Dispatching in Ride-Hailingcited by 7
- 2023Robust Electric Vehicle Balancing of Autonomous Mobility-On-Demand System: A Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Approachcited by 6
- 2021Deep Reinforcement Learning for Demand Driven Services in Logistics and Transportation Systems: A Surveycited by 3
- 2023A Survey of Machine Learning-Based Ride-Hailing Planningcited by 3
- 2024Multi-Agent Soft Actor-Critic with Coordinated Loss for Autonomous Mobility-on-Demand Fleet Controlcited by 3
17 more
- 2025Robo-taxi Fleet Coordination at Scale via Reinforcement Learningcited by 3
- 2022A Bibliometric Analysis and Review on Reinforcement Learning for Transportation Applicationscited by 2
- 2023Learning to Control Autonomous Fleets from Observation via Offline Reinforcement Learningcited by 2
- 2023Deep reinforcement learning for the dynamic vehicle dispatching problem: An event-based approachcited by 2
- 2023Real-time Control of Electric Autonomous Mobility-on-Demand Systems via Graph Reinforcement Learningcited by 2
- 2021Reinforcement Learning for Assignment Problem with Time Constraintscited by 1
- 2021DROP: Deep relocating option policy for optimal ride-hailing vehicle repositioningcited by 1
- 2025Atomic Proximal Policy Optimization for Electric Robo-Taxi Dispatch and Charger Allocationcited by 1
- 2025Hierarchical Optimization via LLM-Guided Objective Evolution for Mobility-on-Demand Systemscited by 1
- 2025Network-Constrained Policy Optimization for Adaptive Multi-agent Vehicle Routingcited by 1
- 2021dFDA-VeD: A Dynamic Future Demand Aware Vehicle Dispatching Systemcited by 0
- 2022Hierarchically Structured Scheduling and Execution of Tasks in a Multi-Agent Environmentcited by 0
- 2022Towards More Efficient Shared Autonomous Mobility: A Learning-Based Fleet Repositioning Approachcited by 0
- 2023Deep-Dispatch: A Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Vehicle Dispatch Algorithm for Advanced Air Mobilitycited by 0
- 2024A Survey on Applications of Reinforcement Learning in Spatial Resource Allocationcited by 0
- 2025Scalable Ride-Sourcing Vehicle Rebalancing with Service Accessibility Guarantee: A Constrained Mean-Field Reinforcement Learning Approachcited by 0
- 2025To Start Up a Start-Up-Embedding Strategic Demand Development in Operational On-Demand Fulfillment via Reinforcement Learning with Information Shapingcited by 0
- 2025Network-Constrained Policy Optimization for Adaptive Multi-agent Vehicle Routing30 Oct 2025
- 2025Hierarchical Optimization via LLM-Guided Objective Evolution for Mobility-on-Demand Systems12 Oct 2025
- 2025Robo-taxi Fleet Coordination at Scale via Reinforcement Learning8 Apr 2025
- 2025To Start Up a Start-Up-Embedding Strategic Demand Development in Operational On-Demand Fulfillment via Reinforcement Learning with Information Shaping8 Apr 2025
- 2025Scalable Ride-Sourcing Vehicle Rebalancing with Service Accessibility Guarantee: A Constrained Mean-Field Reinforcement Learning Approach31 Mar 2025
- 2025Atomic Proximal Policy Optimization for Electric Robo-Taxi Dispatch and Charger Allocation19 Feb 2025
- 2024An End-to-End Reinforcement Learning Based Approach for Micro-View Order-Dispatching in Ride-Hailing20 Aug 2024
- 2024Multi-Agent Soft Actor-Critic with Coordinated Loss for Autonomous Mobility-on-Demand Fleet Control10 Apr 2024
- 2024A Survey on Applications of Reinforcement Learning in Spatial Resource Allocation6 Mar 2024
- 2023Deep-Dispatch: A Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Vehicle Dispatch Algorithm for Advanced Air Mobility17 Dec 2023
- 2023Real-time Control of Electric Autonomous Mobility-on-Demand Systems via Graph Reinforcement Learning9 Nov 2023
- 2023A Better Match for Drivers and Riders: Reinforcement Learning at Lyft20 Oct 2023
17 more
- 2023Robust Electric Vehicle Balancing of Autonomous Mobility-On-Demand System: A Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Approach30 Jul 2023
- 2023Deep reinforcement learning for the dynamic vehicle dispatching problem: An event-based approach13 Jul 2023
- 2023A Survey of Machine Learning-Based Ride-Hailing Planning26 Mar 2023
- 2023Learning to Control Autonomous Fleets from Observation via Offline Reinforcement Learning28 Feb 2023
- 2022Hybrid Multi-agent Deep Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Mobility on Demand Systems14 Dec 2022
- 2022A Bibliometric Analysis and Review on Reinforcement Learning for Transportation Applications26 Oct 2022
- 2022Towards More Efficient Shared Autonomous Mobility: A Learning-Based Fleet Repositioning Approach16 Oct 2022
- 2022A Robust and Constrained Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Electric Vehicle Rebalancing Method in AMoD Systems17 Sep 2022
- 2022Hierarchically Structured Scheduling and Execution of Tasks in a Multi-Agent Environment6 Mar 2022
- 2021DROP: Deep relocating option policy for optimal ride-hailing vehicle repositioning9 Sep 2021
- 2021Deep Reinforcement Learning for Demand Driven Services in Logistics and Transportation Systems: A Survey10 Aug 2021
- 2021An Overview and Experimental Study of Learning-based Optimization Algorithms for Vehicle Routing Problem15 Jul 2021
- 2021dFDA-VeD: A Dynamic Future Demand Aware Vehicle Dispatching System10 Jun 2021
- 2021Reinforcement Learning for Assignment Problem with Time Constraints5 Jun 2021
- 2021Reinforcement Learning for Ridesharing: An Extended Survey3 May 2021
- 2021Graph Neural Network Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Mobility-on-Demand Systems23 Apr 2021
- 2021Real-world Ride-hailing Vehicle Repositioning using Deep Reinforcement Learning8 Mar 2021
- 2024An End-to-End Reinforcement Learning Based Approach for Micro-View Order-Dispatching in Ride-Hailingcited by 7
- 2025Robo-taxi Fleet Coordination at Scale via Reinforcement Learningcited by 3
- 2025Atomic Proximal Policy Optimization for Electric Robo-Taxi Dispatch and Charger Allocationcited by 1
- 2024A Survey on Applications of Reinforcement Learning in Spatial Resource Allocationcited by 0
- 2025Scalable Ride-Sourcing Vehicle Rebalancing with Service Accessibility Guarantee: A Constrained Mean-Field Reinforcement Learning Approachcited by 0
- 2025Robo-taxi Fleet Coordination at Scale via Reinforcement Learning8 Apr 2025
- 2025Scalable Ride-Sourcing Vehicle Rebalancing with Service Accessibility Guarantee: A Constrained Mean-Field Reinforcement Learning Approach31 Mar 2025
- 2025Atomic Proximal Policy Optimization for Electric Robo-Taxi Dispatch and Charger Allocation19 Feb 2025
- 2024An End-to-End Reinforcement Learning Based Approach for Micro-View Order-Dispatching in Ride-Hailing20 Aug 2024
- 2024A Survey on Applications of Reinforcement Learning in Spatial Resource Allocation6 Mar 2024
- 2021Reinforcement Learning for Ridesharing: An Extended Surveycited by 35
- 2021Graph Neural Network Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Mobility-on-Demand Systemscited by 28
- 2021Real-world Ride-hailing Vehicle Repositioning using Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 22
- 2021An Overview and Experimental Study of Learning-based Optimization Algorithms for Vehicle Routing Problemcited by 22
- 2022Hybrid Multi-agent Deep Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Mobility on Demand Systemscited by 18
- 2022A Robust and Constrained Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Electric Vehicle Rebalancing Method in AMoD Systemscited by 11
- 2023A Better Match for Drivers and Riders: Reinforcement Learning at Lyftcited by 9
- 2023Robust Electric Vehicle Balancing of Autonomous Mobility-On-Demand System: A Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Approachcited by 6
- 2021Deep Reinforcement Learning for Demand Driven Services in Logistics and Transportation Systems: A Surveycited by 3
- 2023A Survey of Machine Learning-Based Ride-Hailing Planningcited by 3
- 2024Multi-Agent Soft Actor-Critic with Coordinated Loss for Autonomous Mobility-on-Demand Fleet Controlcited by 3
- 2022A Bibliometric Analysis and Review on Reinforcement Learning for Transportation Applicationscited by 2
12 most cited of 23 All 23 (JSON)
- 2025Network-Constrained Policy Optimization for Adaptive Multi-agent Vehicle Routing30 Oct 2025
- 2025Hierarchical Optimization via LLM-Guided Objective Evolution for Mobility-on-Demand Systems12 Oct 2025
- 2025To Start Up a Start-Up-Embedding Strategic Demand Development in Operational On-Demand Fulfillment via Reinforcement Learning with Information Shaping8 Apr 2025
- 2024Multi-Agent Soft Actor-Critic with Coordinated Loss for Autonomous Mobility-on-Demand Fleet Control10 Apr 2024
- 2023Deep-Dispatch: A Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Vehicle Dispatch Algorithm for Advanced Air Mobility17 Dec 2023
- 2023Real-time Control of Electric Autonomous Mobility-on-Demand Systems via Graph Reinforcement Learning9 Nov 2023
- 2023A Better Match for Drivers and Riders: Reinforcement Learning at Lyft20 Oct 2023
- 2023Robust Electric Vehicle Balancing of Autonomous Mobility-On-Demand System: A Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Approach30 Jul 2023
- 2023Deep reinforcement learning for the dynamic vehicle dispatching problem: An event-based approach13 Jul 2023
- 2023A Survey of Machine Learning-Based Ride-Hailing Planning26 Mar 2023
- 2022Hybrid Multi-agent Deep Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Mobility on Demand Systems14 Dec 2022
- 2022A Bibliometric Analysis and Review on Reinforcement Learning for Transportation Applications26 Oct 2022
12 newest of 23 All 23 (JSON)