Design and Evaluation of a Multi-Domain Trojan Detection Method on Deep Neural Networks
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Cited by 34 in LLM safety and security, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.
Abstract (arXiv)
This work corroborates a run-time Trojan detection method exploiting STRong Intentional Perturbation of inputs, is a multi-domain Trojan detection defence across Vision, Text and Audio domains---thus termed as STRIP-ViTA. Specifically, STRIP-ViTA is the first confirmed Trojan detection method that is demonstratively independent of both the task domain and model architectures. We have extensively evaluated the performance of STRIP-ViTA over: i) CIFAR10 and GTSRB datasets using 2D CNNs, and a public third party Trojaned model for vision tasks; ii) IMDB and consumer complaint datasets using both LSTM and 1D CNNs for text tasks; and speech command dataset using both 1D CNNs and 2D CNNs for audio tasks. Experimental results based on 28 tested Trojaned models demonstrate that STRIP-ViTA performs well across all nine architectures and five datasets. In general, STRIP-ViTA can effectively detect Trojan inputs with small false acceptance rate (FAR) with an acceptable preset false rejection rate (FRR). In particular, for vision tasks, we can always achieve a 0% FRR and FAR. By setting FRR to be 3%, average FAR of 1.1% and 3.55% are achieved for text and audio tasks, respectively. Moreover, we have evaluated and shown the effectiveness of STRIP-ViTA against a number of advanced backdoor attacks whilst other state-of-the-art methods lose effectiveness in front of one or all of these advanced backdoor attacks.
Key facts. Cited by 66 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 23 Nov 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 12; 2023: 17; 2024: 18; 2025: 14; 2026: 3.
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- 2021RAP: Robustness-Aware Perturbations for Defending against Backdoor Attacks on NLP Modelscited by 97
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- 2024IBD-PSC: Input-level Backdoor Detection via Parameter-oriented Scaling Consistencycited by 38
- 2024Test-Time Backdoor Attacks on Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 35
- 2025Backdoor Cleaning without External Guidance in MLLM Fine-tuningcited by 34
- 2023Defending Pre-trained Language Models as Few-shot Learners against Backdoor Attackscited by 32
- 2023From Shortcuts to Triggers: Backdoor Defense with Denoised PoEcited by 26
38 more
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- 2023Backdoor Attack with Sparse and Invisible Triggercited by 20
- 2023Mitigating Backdoor Poisoning Attacks through the Lens of Spurious Correlationcited by 19
- 2024BadActs: A Universal Backdoor Defense in the Activation Spacecited by 19
- 2022Expose Backdoors on the Way: A Feature-Based Efficient Defense against Textual Backdoor Attackscited by 18
- 2022A Survey of Neural Trojan Attacks and Defenses in Deep Learningcited by 17
- 2023ParaFuzz: An Interpretability-Driven Technique for Detecting Poisoned Samples in NLPcited by 16
- 2023Setting the Trap: Capturing and Defeating Backdoors in Pretrained Language Models through Honeypotscited by 16
- 2023Quantifying Bias in Text-to-Image Generative Modelscited by 16
- 2023Defending Against Backdoor Attacks by Layer-wise Feature Analysiscited by 15
- 2025Probe before You Talk: Towards Black-box Defense against Backdoor Unalignment for Large Language Modelscited by 15
- 2023TextGuard: Provable Defense against Backdoor Attacks on Text Classificationcited by 14
- 2024UFID: A Unified Framework for Input-level Backdoor Detection on Diffusion Modelscited by 14
- 2024Mitigating Backdoor Threats to Large Language Models: Advancement and Challengescited by 14
- 2022A Survey on Backdoor Attack and Defense in Natural Language Processingcited by 13
- 2023BDMMT: Backdoor Sample Detection for Language Models through Model Mutation Testingcited by 13
- 2024Backdoor Attacks against No-Reference Image Quality Assessment Models via a Scalable Triggercited by 12
- 2022Towards A Critical Evaluation of Robustness for Deep Learning Backdoor Countermeasurescited by 11
- 2023TIJO: Trigger Inversion with Joint Optimization for Defending Multimodal Backdoored Modelscited by 11
- 2023FlowMur: A Stealthy and Practical Audio Backdoor Attack with Limited Knowledgecited by 9
- 2025Efficient Input-level Backdoor Defense on Text-to-Image Synthesis via Neuron Activation Variationcited by 8
- 2025A Systematic Review of Poisoning Attacks Against Large Language Modelscited by 8
- 2023LMSanitator: Defending Prompt-Tuning Against Task-Agnostic Backdoorscited by 7
- 2023Watch Out! Simple Horizontal Class Backdoor Can Trivially Evade Defensecited by 7
- 2024Obliviate: Neutralizing Task-agnostic Backdoors within the Parameter-efficient Fine-tuning Paradigmcited by 7
- 2024Acquiring Clean Language Models from Backdoor Poisoned Datasets by Downscaling Frequency Spacecited by 6
- 2024Two Heads are Better than One: Nested PoE for Robust Defense Against Multi-Backdoorscited by 6
- 2024Not All Prompts Are Secure: A Switchable Backdoor Attack Against Pre-trained Vision Transformerscited by 5
- 2024Data-centric NLP Backdoor Defense from the Lens of Memorizationcited by 5
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- 2023Towards Sample-specific Backdoor Attack with Clean Labels via Attribute Triggercited by 4
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- 2022Backdoor Attack against NLP models with Robustness-Aware Perturbation defensecited by 2
- 2024Large Language Models are Good Attackers: Efficient and Stealthy Textual Backdoor Attackscited by 2
- 2025The Ultimate Cookbook for Invisible Poison: Crafting Subtle Clean-Label Text Backdoors with Style Attributescited by 2
50 most cited of 66 All 66 (JSON)
- 2026STEP: Detecting Audio Backdoor Attacks via Stability-based Trigger Exposure Profiling18 Mar 2026
- 2026Delayed Backdoor Attacks: Exploring the Temporal Dimension as a New Attack Surface in Pre-Trained Models12 Mar 2026
- 2026Backdoor Sentinel: Detecting and Detoxifying Backdoors in Diffusion Models via Temporal Noise Consistency2 Feb 2026
- 2025SCOUT: A Defense Against Data Poisoning Attacks in Fine-Tuned Language Models10 Dec 2025
- 2025HAMLOCK: HArdware-Model LOgically Combined attacK22 Oct 2025
- 2025TED++: Submanifold-Aware Backdoor Detection via Layerwise Tubular-Neighbourhood Screening16 Oct 2025
- 2025Localizing Malicious Outputs from CodeLLM21 Sep 2025
- 2025CUBA: Controlled Untargeted Backdoor Attack against Deep Neural Networks20 Jun 2025
- 2025Probe before You Talk: Towards Black-box Defense against Backdoor Unalignment for Large Language Models19 Jun 2025
- 2025CertDW: Towards Certified Dataset Ownership Verification via Conformal Calibration16 Jun 2025
- 2025A Systematic Review of Poisoning Attacks Against Large Language Models6 Jun 2025
- 2025Detecting Stealthy Backdoor Samples based on Intra-class Distance for Large Language Models29 May 2025
38 more
- 2025Backdoor Cleaning without External Guidance in MLLM Fine-tuning22 May 2025
- 2025The Ultimate Cookbook for Invisible Poison: Crafting Subtle Clean-Label Text Backdoors with Style Attributes24 Apr 2025
- 2025MuTRAP: Multi-trigger Trojans Attacking Robot Task Planning Systems23 Apr 2025
- 2025Efficient Input-level Backdoor Defense on Text-to-Image Synthesis via Neuron Activation Variation9 Mar 2025
- 2025Stealthy Backdoor Attack to Real-world Models in Android Apps2 Jan 2025
- 2024Backdoor Attacks against No-Reference Image Quality Assessment Models via a Scalable Trigger10 Dec 2024
- 2024Gracefully Filtering Backdoor Samples for Generative Large Language Models without Retraining3 Dec 2024
- 2024Prompting the Unseen: Detecting Hidden Backdoors in Black-Box Models14 Nov 2024
- 2024Mitigating Backdoor Threats to Large Language Models: Advancement and Challenges30 Sep 2024
- 2024Data-centric NLP Backdoor Defense from the Lens of Memorization21 Sep 2024
- 2024Obliviate: Neutralizing Task-agnostic Backdoors within the Parameter-efficient Fine-tuning Paradigm21 Sep 2024
- 2024NoiseAttack: An Evasive Sample-Specific Multi-Targeted Backdoor Attack Through White Gaussian Noise3 Sep 2024
- 2024Large Language Models are Good Attackers: Efficient and Stealthy Textual Backdoor Attacks21 Aug 2024
- 2024Defense Against Syntactic Textual Backdoor Attacks with Token Substitution4 Jul 2024
- 2024BEEAR: Embedding-based Adversarial Removal of Safety Backdoors in Instruction-tuned Language Models24 Jun 2024
- 2024SEEP: Training Dynamics Grounds Latent Representation Search for Mitigating Backdoor Poisoning Attacks19 May 2024
- 2024BadActs: A Universal Backdoor Defense in the Activation Space18 May 2024
- 2024Not All Prompts Are Secure: A Switchable Backdoor Attack Against Pre-trained Vision Transformers17 May 2024
- 2024IBD-PSC: Input-level Backdoor Detection via Parameter-oriented Scaling Consistency16 May 2024
- 2024Two Heads are Better than One: Nested PoE for Robust Defense Against Multi-Backdoors2 Apr 2024
- 2024UFID: A Unified Framework for Input-level Backdoor Detection on Diffusion Models1 Apr 2024
- 2024Acquiring Clean Language Models from Backdoor Poisoned Datasets by Downscaling Frequency Space19 Feb 2024
- 2024Test-Time Backdoor Attacks on Multimodal Large Language Models13 Feb 2024
- 2023Quantifying Bias in Text-to-Image Generative Models20 Dec 2023
- 2023FlowMur: A Stealthy and Practical Audio Backdoor Attack with Limited Knowledge15 Dec 2023
- 2023Towards Sample-specific Backdoor Attack with Clean Labels via Attribute Trigger3 Dec 2023
- 2023TextGuard: Provable Defense against Backdoor Attacks on Text Classification19 Nov 2023
- 2023Setting the Trap: Capturing and Defeating Backdoors in Pretrained Language Models through Honeypots28 Oct 2023
- 2023Watch Out! Simple Horizontal Class Backdoor Can Trivially Evade Defense1 Oct 2023
- 2023Defending Pre-trained Language Models as Few-shot Learners against Backdoor Attacks23 Sep 2023
- 2023LMSanitator: Defending Prompt-Tuning Against Task-Agnostic Backdoors26 Aug 2023
- 2023Use of LLMs for Illicit Purposes: Threats, Prevention Measures, and Vulnerabilities24 Aug 2023
- 2023TIJO: Trigger Inversion with Joint Optimization for Defending Multimodal Backdoored Models7 Aug 2023
- 2023ParaFuzz: An Interpretability-Driven Technique for Detecting Poisoned Samples in NLP4 Aug 2023
- 2023From Shortcuts to Triggers: Backdoor Defense with Denoised PoE24 May 2023
- 2023Mitigating Backdoor Poisoning Attacks through the Lens of Spurious Correlation19 May 2023
- 2023Backdoor Attack with Sparse and Invisible Trigger11 May 2023
- 2023Defending Against Backdoor Attacks by Layer-wise Feature Analysis24 Feb 2023
50 newest of 66 All 66 (JSON)
- 2021RAP: Robustness-Aware Perturbations for Defending against Backdoor Attacks on NLP Modelscited by 97
- 2022A Unified Evaluation of Textual Backdoor Learning: Frameworks and Benchmarkscited by 70
- 2024BEEAR: Embedding-based Adversarial Removal of Safety Backdoors in Instruction-tuned Language Modelscited by 50
- 2022BITE: Textual Backdoor Attacks with Iterative Trigger Injectioncited by 47
- 2023Defending Pre-trained Language Models as Few-shot Learners against Backdoor Attackscited by 32
- 2022Expose Backdoors on the Way: A Feature-Based Efficient Defense against Textual Backdoor Attackscited by 18
- 2023ParaFuzz: An Interpretability-Driven Technique for Detecting Poisoned Samples in NLPcited by 16
- 2023Setting the Trap: Capturing and Defeating Backdoors in Pretrained Language Models through Honeypotscited by 16
- 2023TextGuard: Provable Defense against Backdoor Attacks on Text Classificationcited by 14
- 2024Mitigating Backdoor Threats to Large Language Models: Advancement and Challengescited by 14
- 2022A Survey on Backdoor Attack and Defense in Natural Language Processingcited by 13
- 2023BDMMT: Backdoor Sample Detection for Language Models through Model Mutation Testingcited by 13
12 most cited of 28 All 28 (JSON)
- 2025SCOUT: A Defense Against Data Poisoning Attacks in Fine-Tuned Language Models10 Dec 2025
- 2025HAMLOCK: HArdware-Model LOgically Combined attacK22 Oct 2025
- 2025Localizing Malicious Outputs from CodeLLM21 Sep 2025
- 2025CertDW: Towards Certified Dataset Ownership Verification via Conformal Calibration16 Jun 2025
- 2025Detecting Stealthy Backdoor Samples based on Intra-class Distance for Large Language Models29 May 2025
- 2025The Ultimate Cookbook for Invisible Poison: Crafting Subtle Clean-Label Text Backdoors with Style Attributes24 Apr 2025
- 2024Gracefully Filtering Backdoor Samples for Generative Large Language Models without Retraining3 Dec 2024
- 2024Prompting the Unseen: Detecting Hidden Backdoors in Black-Box Models14 Nov 2024
- 2024Mitigating Backdoor Threats to Large Language Models: Advancement and Challenges30 Sep 2024
- 2024Data-centric NLP Backdoor Defense from the Lens of Memorization21 Sep 2024
- 2024Large Language Models are Good Attackers: Efficient and Stealthy Textual Backdoor Attacks21 Aug 2024
- 2024Defense Against Syntactic Textual Backdoor Attacks with Token Substitution4 Jul 2024
12 newest of 28 All 28 (JSON)
- 2024UFID: A Unified Framework for Input-level Backdoor Detection on Diffusion Modelscited by 14
- 2025Efficient Input-level Backdoor Defense on Text-to-Image Synthesis via Neuron Activation Variationcited by 8
- 2026Backdoor Sentinel: Detecting and Detoxifying Backdoors in Diffusion Models via Temporal Noise Consistencycited by 0
- 2026Backdoor Sentinel: Detecting and Detoxifying Backdoors in Diffusion Models via Temporal Noise Consistency2 Feb 2026
- 2025Efficient Input-level Backdoor Defense on Text-to-Image Synthesis via Neuron Activation Variation9 Mar 2025
- 2024UFID: A Unified Framework for Input-level Backdoor Detection on Diffusion Models1 Apr 2024
- 2022Toward Transparent AI: A Survey on Interpreting the Inner Structures of Deep Neural Networkscited by 126
- 2022Untargeted Backdoor Watermark: Towards Harmless and Stealthy Dataset Copyright Protectioncited by 80
- 2023Use of LLMs for Illicit Purposes: Threats, Prevention Measures, and Vulnerabilitiescited by 76
- 2024IBD-PSC: Input-level Backdoor Detection via Parameter-oriented Scaling Consistencycited by 38
- 2023From Shortcuts to Triggers: Backdoor Defense with Denoised PoEcited by 26
- 2021Quantization Backdoors to Deep Learning Commercial Frameworkscited by 25
- 2023BackdoorBox: A Python Toolbox for Backdoor Learningcited by 25
- 2022MOVE: Effective and Harmless Ownership Verification via Embedded External Featurescited by 20
- 2023Backdoor Attack with Sparse and Invisible Triggercited by 20
- 2023Mitigating Backdoor Poisoning Attacks through the Lens of Spurious Correlationcited by 19
- 2024BadActs: A Universal Backdoor Defense in the Activation Spacecited by 19
- 2022A Survey of Neural Trojan Attacks and Defenses in Deep Learningcited by 17
12 most cited of 31 All 31 (JSON)
- 2026STEP: Detecting Audio Backdoor Attacks via Stability-based Trigger Exposure Profiling18 Mar 2026
- 2026Delayed Backdoor Attacks: Exploring the Temporal Dimension as a New Attack Surface in Pre-Trained Models12 Mar 2026
- 2025TED++: Submanifold-Aware Backdoor Detection via Layerwise Tubular-Neighbourhood Screening16 Oct 2025
- 2025CUBA: Controlled Untargeted Backdoor Attack against Deep Neural Networks20 Jun 2025
- 2025A Systematic Review of Poisoning Attacks Against Large Language Models6 Jun 2025
- 2025MuTRAP: Multi-trigger Trojans Attacking Robot Task Planning Systems23 Apr 2025
- 2025Stealthy Backdoor Attack to Real-world Models in Android Apps2 Jan 2025
- 2024Backdoor Attacks against No-Reference Image Quality Assessment Models via a Scalable Trigger10 Dec 2024
- 2024Obliviate: Neutralizing Task-agnostic Backdoors within the Parameter-efficient Fine-tuning Paradigm21 Sep 2024
- 2024NoiseAttack: An Evasive Sample-Specific Multi-Targeted Backdoor Attack Through White Gaussian Noise3 Sep 2024
- 2024SEEP: Training Dynamics Grounds Latent Representation Search for Mitigating Backdoor Poisoning Attacks19 May 2024
- 2024BadActs: A Universal Backdoor Defense in the Activation Space18 May 2024
12 newest of 31 All 31 (JSON)