mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Design and Evaluation of a Multi-Domain Trojan Detection Method on Deep Neural Networks

arXiv 1911.10312 ↗First posted 23 Nov 2019cs.CRcited by 66

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Cited by 34 in LLM safety and security, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.

Abstract (arXiv)

This work corroborates a run-time Trojan detection method exploiting STRong Intentional Perturbation of inputs, is a multi-domain Trojan detection defence across Vision, Text and Audio domains---thus termed as STRIP-ViTA. Specifically, STRIP-ViTA is the first confirmed Trojan detection method that is demonstratively independent of both the task domain and model architectures. We have extensively evaluated the performance of STRIP-ViTA over: i) CIFAR10 and GTSRB datasets using 2D CNNs, and a public third party Trojaned model for vision tasks; ii) IMDB and consumer complaint datasets using both LSTM and 1D CNNs for text tasks; and speech command dataset using both 1D CNNs and 2D CNNs for audio tasks. Experimental results based on 28 tested Trojaned models demonstrate that STRIP-ViTA performs well across all nine architectures and five datasets. In general, STRIP-ViTA can effectively detect Trojan inputs with small false acceptance rate (FAR) with an acceptable preset false rejection rate (FRR). In particular, for vision tasks, we can always achieve a 0% FRR and FAR. By setting FRR to be 3%, average FAR of 1.1% and 3.55% are achieved for text and audio tasks, respectively. Moreover, we have evaluated and shown the effectiveness of STRIP-ViTA against a number of advanced backdoor attacks whilst other state-of-the-art methods lose effectiveness in front of one or all of these advanced backdoor attacks.

Key facts. Cited by 66 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 23 Nov 2019.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 12; 2023: 17; 2024: 18; 2025: 14; 2026: 3.

66 papers.

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  1. 2022Toward Transparent AI: A Survey on Interpreting the Inner Structures of Deep Neural Networkscited by 126
  2. 2021RAP: Robustness-Aware Perturbations for Defending against Backdoor Attacks on NLP Modelscited by 97
  3. 2022Untargeted Backdoor Watermark: Towards Harmless and Stealthy Dataset Copyright Protectioncited by 80
  4. 2023Use of LLMs for Illicit Purposes: Threats, Prevention Measures, and Vulnerabilitiescited by 76
  5. 2022A Unified Evaluation of Textual Backdoor Learning: Frameworks and Benchmarkscited by 70
  6. 2024BEEAR: Embedding-based Adversarial Removal of Safety Backdoors in Instruction-tuned Language Modelscited by 50
  7. 2022BITE: Textual Backdoor Attacks with Iterative Trigger Injectioncited by 47
  8. 2024IBD-PSC: Input-level Backdoor Detection via Parameter-oriented Scaling Consistencycited by 38
  9. 2024Test-Time Backdoor Attacks on Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 35
  10. 2025Backdoor Cleaning without External Guidance in MLLM Fine-tuningcited by 34
  11. 2023Defending Pre-trained Language Models as Few-shot Learners against Backdoor Attackscited by 32
  12. 2023From Shortcuts to Triggers: Backdoor Defense with Denoised PoEcited by 26
38 more
  1. 2021Quantization Backdoors to Deep Learning Commercial Frameworkscited by 25
  2. 2023BackdoorBox: A Python Toolbox for Backdoor Learningcited by 25
  3. 2022MOVE: Effective and Harmless Ownership Verification via Embedded External Featurescited by 20
  4. 2023Backdoor Attack with Sparse and Invisible Triggercited by 20
  5. 2023Mitigating Backdoor Poisoning Attacks through the Lens of Spurious Correlationcited by 19
  6. 2024BadActs: A Universal Backdoor Defense in the Activation Spacecited by 19
  7. 2022Expose Backdoors on the Way: A Feature-Based Efficient Defense against Textual Backdoor Attackscited by 18
  8. 2022A Survey of Neural Trojan Attacks and Defenses in Deep Learningcited by 17
  9. 2023ParaFuzz: An Interpretability-Driven Technique for Detecting Poisoned Samples in NLPcited by 16
  10. 2023Setting the Trap: Capturing and Defeating Backdoors in Pretrained Language Models through Honeypotscited by 16
  11. 2023Quantifying Bias in Text-to-Image Generative Modelscited by 16
  12. 2023Defending Against Backdoor Attacks by Layer-wise Feature Analysiscited by 15
  13. 2025Probe before You Talk: Towards Black-box Defense against Backdoor Unalignment for Large Language Modelscited by 15
  14. 2023TextGuard: Provable Defense against Backdoor Attacks on Text Classificationcited by 14
  15. 2024UFID: A Unified Framework for Input-level Backdoor Detection on Diffusion Modelscited by 14
  16. 2024Mitigating Backdoor Threats to Large Language Models: Advancement and Challengescited by 14
  17. 2022A Survey on Backdoor Attack and Defense in Natural Language Processingcited by 13
  18. 2023BDMMT: Backdoor Sample Detection for Language Models through Model Mutation Testingcited by 13
  19. 2024Backdoor Attacks against No-Reference Image Quality Assessment Models via a Scalable Triggercited by 12
  20. 2022Towards A Critical Evaluation of Robustness for Deep Learning Backdoor Countermeasurescited by 11
  21. 2023TIJO: Trigger Inversion with Joint Optimization for Defending Multimodal Backdoored Modelscited by 11
  22. 2023FlowMur: A Stealthy and Practical Audio Backdoor Attack with Limited Knowledgecited by 9
  23. 2025Efficient Input-level Backdoor Defense on Text-to-Image Synthesis via Neuron Activation Variationcited by 8
  24. 2025A Systematic Review of Poisoning Attacks Against Large Language Modelscited by 8
  25. 2023LMSanitator: Defending Prompt-Tuning Against Task-Agnostic Backdoorscited by 7
  26. 2023Watch Out! Simple Horizontal Class Backdoor Can Trivially Evade Defensecited by 7
  27. 2024Obliviate: Neutralizing Task-agnostic Backdoors within the Parameter-efficient Fine-tuning Paradigmcited by 7
  28. 2024Acquiring Clean Language Models from Backdoor Poisoned Datasets by Downscaling Frequency Spacecited by 6
  29. 2024Two Heads are Better than One: Nested PoE for Robust Defense Against Multi-Backdoorscited by 6
  30. 2024Not All Prompts Are Secure: A Switchable Backdoor Attack Against Pre-trained Vision Transformerscited by 5
  31. 2024Data-centric NLP Backdoor Defense from the Lens of Memorizationcited by 5
  32. 2024Gracefully Filtering Backdoor Samples for Generative Large Language Models without Retrainingcited by 5
  33. 2022CASSOCK: Viable Backdoor Attacks against DNN in The Wall of Source-Specific Backdoor Defencescited by 4
  34. 2023Towards Sample-specific Backdoor Attack with Clean Labels via Attribute Triggercited by 4
  35. 2024SEEP: Training Dynamics Grounds Latent Representation Search for Mitigating Backdoor Poisoning Attackscited by 3
  36. 2022Backdoor Attack against NLP models with Robustness-Aware Perturbation defensecited by 2
  37. 2024Large Language Models are Good Attackers: Efficient and Stealthy Textual Backdoor Attackscited by 2
  38. 2025The Ultimate Cookbook for Invisible Poison: Crafting Subtle Clean-Label Text Backdoors with Style Attributescited by 2

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