mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Deep Learning for Whole Slide Image Analysis: An Overview

arXiv 1910.11097 ↗First posted 18 Oct 2019cs.CV cs.LG eess.IVcited by 51

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

The widespread adoption of whole slide imaging has increased the demand for effective and efficient gigapixel image analysis. Deep learning is at the forefront of computer vision, showcasing significant improvements over previous methodologies on visual understanding. However, whole slide images have billions of pixels and suffer from high morphological heterogeneity as well as from different types of artefacts. Collectively, these impede the conventional use of deep learning. For the clinical translation of deep learning solutions to become a reality, these challenges need to be addressed. In this paper, we review work on the interdisciplinary attempt of training deep neural networks using whole slide images, and highlight the different ideas underlying these methodologies.

Key facts. Cited by 51 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 18 Oct 2019.

Builds on

No reference list yet.

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 12; 2023: 11; 2024: 12; 2025: 7; 2026: 3.

51 papers.

Sort:

  1. 2021A Comprehensive Review of Computer-aided Whole-slide Image Analysis: from Datasets to Feature Extraction, Segmentation, Classification, and Detection Approachescited by 44
  2. 2023Diagnose Like a Pathologist: Transformer-Enabled Hierarchical Attention-Guided Multiple Instance Learning for Whole Slide Image Classificationcited by 27
  3. 2024Towards Large-Scale Training of Pathology Foundation Modelscited by 23
  4. 2022FHIST: A Benchmark for Few-shot Classification of Histological Imagescited by 20
  5. 2022Gigapixel Whole-Slide Images Classification using Locally Supervised Learningcited by 15
  6. 2023Masked Pre-Training of Transformers for Histology Image Analysiscited by 12
  7. 2023Cross-scale Multi-instance Learning for Pathological Image Diagnosiscited by 11
  8. 2022From Modern CNNs to Vision Transformers: Assessing the Performance, Robustness, and Classification Strategies of Deep Learning Models in Histopathologycited by 9
  9. 2022Efficient High-Resolution Deep Learning: A Surveycited by 9
  10. 2022Learning Binary and Sparse Permutation-Invariant Representations for Fast and Memory Efficient Whole Slide Image Searchcited by 9
  11. 2024PATHS: A Hierarchical Transformer for Efficient Whole Slide Image Analysiscited by 7
  12. 2025DPsurv: Dual-Prototype Evidential Fusion for Uncertainty-Aware and Interpretable Whole-Slide Image Survival Predictioncited by 6
38 more
  1. 2021Pay Attention with Focus: A Novel Learning Scheme for Classification of Whole Slide Imagescited by 5
  2. 2022Stain Based Contrastive Co-training for Histopathological Image Analysiscited by 5
  3. 2023Dual Attention Model with Reinforcement Learning for Classification of Histology Whole-Slide Imagescited by 5
  4. 2023TPMIL: Trainable Prototype Enhanced Multiple Instance Learning for Whole Slide Image Classificationcited by 5
  5. 2022Feature Re-calibration based Multiple Instance Learning for Whole Slide Image Classificationcited by 4
  6. 2022Cross-scale Attention Guided Multi-instance Learning for Crohn's Disease Diagnosis with Pathological Imagescited by 4
  7. 2023Creating an Atlas of Normal Tissue for Pruning WSI Patching Through Anomaly Detectioncited by 4
  8. 2023A transductive few-shot learning approach for classification of digital histopathological slides from liver cancercited by 3
  9. 2024Focused Active Learning for Histopathological Image Classificationcited by 3
  10. 2024Pan-cancer Histopathology WSI Pre-training with Position-aware Masked Autoencodercited by 3
  11. 2024IBO: Inpainting-Based Occlusion to Enhance Explainable Artificial Intelligence Evaluation in Histopathologycited by 3
  12. 2021Towards Launching AI Algorithms for Cellular Pathology into Clinical & Pharmaceutical Orbitscited by 2
  13. 2022Evaluation of Multi-Scale Multiple Instance Learning to Improve Thyroid Cancer Classificationcited by 2
  14. 2024IHC Matters: Incorporating IHC analysis to H&E Whole Slide Image Analysis for Improved Cancer Grading via Two-stage Multimodal Bilinear Pooling Fusioncited by 2
  15. 2025Fine-grained Multi-class Nuclei Segmentation with Molecular-empowered All-in-SAM Modelcited by 2
  16. 2021PIMIP: An Open Source Platform for Pathology Information Management and Integrationcited by 1
  17. 2021Magnifying Networks for Images with Billions of Pixelscited by 1
  18. 2022Deep Learning-Based Sparse Whole-Slide Image Analysis for the Diagnosis of Gastric Intestinal Metaplasiacited by 1
  19. 2022MGTUNet: An new UNet for colon nuclei instance segmentation and quantificationcited by 1
  20. 2023PathRTM: Real-time prediction of KI-67 and tumor-infiltrated lymphocytescited by 1
  21. 2024Multi-Cohort Framework with Cohort-Aware Attention and Adversarial Mutual-Information Minimization for Whole Slide Image Classificationcited by 1
  22. 2025Welcome New Doctor: Continual Learning with Expert Consultation and Autoregressive Inference for Whole Slide Image Analysiscited by 1
  23. 2026ReaMIL: Reasoning- and Evidence-Aware Multiple Instance Learning for Whole-Slide Histopathologycited by 1
  24. 2026Are Compact Rationales Free? Measuring Tile Selection Headroom in Frozen WSI-MILcited by 1
  25. 2021Conditional Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Improving the Automated Screening of Histopathological Imagescited by 0
  26. 2022Preparing data for pathological artificial intelligence with clinical-grade performancecited by 0
  27. 2023Exploring shared memory architectures for end-to-end gigapixel deep learningcited by 0
  28. 2023Semi-supervised ViT knowledge distillation network with style transfer normalization for colorectal liver metastases survival predictioncited by 0
  29. 2023Seeing the random forest through the decision trees. Supporting learning health systems from histopathology with machine learning models: Challenges and opportunitiescited by 0
  30. 2024Finding Regions of Interest in Whole Slide Images Using Multiple Instance Learningcited by 0
  31. 2024PD-L1 Classification of Weakly-Labeled Whole Slide Images of Breast Cancercited by 0
  32. 2024Efficient Whole Slide Image Classification through Fisher Vector Representationcited by 0
  33. 2024Clustered Patch Embeddings for Permutation-Invariant Classification of Whole Slide Imagescited by 0
  34. 2024NACNet: A Histology Context-aware Transformer Graph Convolution Network for Predicting Treatment Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Triple Negative Breast Cancercited by 0
  35. 2025A Prototype-Guided Coarse Annotations Refining Approach for Whole Slide Imagescited by 0
  36. 2025Identifying regions of interest in whole slide images of renal cell carcinomacited by 0
  37. 2025Dual-stream attention-guided learning for weakly supervised whole slide image classificationcited by 0
  38. 2025Accurate and Scalable Multimodal Pathology Retrieval via Attentive Vision-Language Alignmentcited by 0

50 most cited of 51 All 51 (JSON)