Gated Linear Networks
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Abstract (arXiv)
This paper presents a new family of backpropagation-free neural architectures, Gated Linear Networks (GLNs). What distinguishes GLNs from contemporary neural networks is the distributed and local nature of their credit assignment mechanism; each neuron directly predicts the target, forgoing the ability to learn feature representations in favor of rapid online learning. Individual neurons can model nonlinear functions via the use of data-dependent gating in conjunction with online convex optimization. We show that this architecture gives rise to universal learning capabilities in the limit, with effective model capacity increasing as a function of network size in a manner comparable with deep ReLU networks. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the GLN learning mechanism possesses extraordinary resilience to catastrophic forgetting, performing comparably to a MLP with dropout and Elastic Weight Consolidation on standard benchmarks. These desirable theoretical and empirical properties position GLNs as a complementary technique to contemporary offline deep learning methods.
Key facts. Cited by 26 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 30 Sep 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 7; 2022: 7; 2023: 5; 2024: 1; 2025: 3; 2026: 3.
26 papers.
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- 2021Acquisition of Chess Knowledge in AlphaZerocited by 120
- 2022Scaling Forward Gradient With Local Lossescited by 65
- 2022The Neural Race Reduction: Dynamics of Abstraction in Gated Networkscited by 37
- 2025MesaNet: Sequence Modeling by Locally Optimal Test-Time Trainingcited by 37
- 2021Avoiding Catastrophe: Active Dendrites Enable Multi-Task Learning in Dynamic Environmentscited by 24
- 2022The Influence of Learning Rule on Representation Dynamics in Wide Neural Networkscited by 19
- 2022Globally Gated Deep Linear Networkscited by 12
- 2023A foundational neural operator that continuously learns without forgettingcited by 10
- 2023Levin Tree Search with Context Modelscited by 7
- 2021Training Deep Architectures Without End-to-End Backpropagation: A Survey on the Provably Optimal Methodscited by 5
- 2022Self-Activating Neural Ensembles for Continual Reinforcement Learningcited by 5
- 2023Local Learning with Neuron Groupscited by 4
14 more
- 2022The Implicit Bias of Gradient Descent on Generalized Gated Linear Networkscited by 3
- 2025A statistical physics framework for optimal learningcited by 3
- 2021Adapting the Function Approximation Architecture in Online Reinforcement Learningcited by 2
- 2024Expressivity of Neural Networks with Random Weights and Learned Biasescited by 2
- 2025Memorization and Knowledge Injection in Gated LLMscited by 2
- 2021Gated Linear Model induced U-net for surrogate modeling and uncertainty quantificationcited by 1
- 2022Explicitising The Implicit Intrepretability of Deep Neural Networks Via Dualitycited by 1
- 2023Leader-Follower Neural Networks with Local Error Signals Inspired by Complex Collectivescited by 1
- 2026Geometry-Aware Probabilistic Circuits via Voronoi Tessellationscited by 1
- 2026DynaTab: Dynamic Feature Ordering as Neural Rewiring for High-Dimensional Tabular Datacited by 1
- 2021Reinforcement Learning with Information-Theoretic Actuationcited by 0
- 2021SPINE: Soft Piecewise Interpretable Neural Equationscited by 0
- 2023Hierarchical Partitioning Forecastercited by 0
- 2026Decentralised AI Training and Inference with BlockTraincited by 0
- 2026Decentralised AI Training and Inference with BlockTrain23 Jun 2026
- 2026DynaTab: Dynamic Feature Ordering as Neural Rewiring for High-Dimensional Tabular Data5 May 2026
- 2026Geometry-Aware Probabilistic Circuits via Voronoi Tessellations12 Mar 2026
- 2025A statistical physics framework for optimal learning10 Jul 2025
- 2025MesaNet: Sequence Modeling by Locally Optimal Test-Time Training5 Jun 2025
- 2025Memorization and Knowledge Injection in Gated LLMs30 Apr 2025
- 2024Expressivity of Neural Networks with Random Weights and Learned Biases1 Jul 2024
- 2023A foundational neural operator that continuously learns without forgetting29 Oct 2023
- 2023Leader-Follower Neural Networks with Local Error Signals Inspired by Complex Collectives11 Oct 2023
- 2023Levin Tree Search with Context Models26 May 2023
- 2023Hierarchical Partitioning Forecaster22 May 2023
- 2023Local Learning with Neuron Groups18 Jan 2023
14 more
- 2022Self-Activating Neural Ensembles for Continual Reinforcement Learning31 Dec 2022
- 2022Globally Gated Deep Linear Networks31 Oct 2022
- 2022Scaling Forward Gradient With Local Losses7 Oct 2022
- 2022The Influence of Learning Rule on Representation Dynamics in Wide Neural Networks5 Oct 2022
- 2022The Neural Race Reduction: Dynamics of Abstraction in Gated Networks21 Jul 2022
- 2022Explicitising The Implicit Intrepretability of Deep Neural Networks Via Duality1 Mar 2022
- 2022The Implicit Bias of Gradient Descent on Generalized Gated Linear Networks5 Feb 2022
- 2021Avoiding Catastrophe: Active Dendrites Enable Multi-Task Learning in Dynamic Environments31 Dec 2021
- 2021SPINE: Soft Piecewise Interpretable Neural Equations20 Nov 2021
- 2021Acquisition of Chess Knowledge in AlphaZero17 Nov 2021
- 2021Gated Linear Model induced U-net for surrogate modeling and uncertainty quantification8 Nov 2021
- 2021Reinforcement Learning with Information-Theoretic Actuation30 Sep 2021
- 2021Adapting the Function Approximation Architecture in Online Reinforcement Learning17 Jun 2021
- 2021Training Deep Architectures Without End-to-End Backpropagation: A Survey on the Provably Optimal Methods9 Jan 2021
- 2021Acquisition of Chess Knowledge in AlphaZerocited by 120
- 2022Scaling Forward Gradient With Local Lossescited by 65
- 2022The Neural Race Reduction: Dynamics of Abstraction in Gated Networkscited by 37
- 2025MesaNet: Sequence Modeling by Locally Optimal Test-Time Trainingcited by 37
- 2021Avoiding Catastrophe: Active Dendrites Enable Multi-Task Learning in Dynamic Environmentscited by 24
- 2022The Influence of Learning Rule on Representation Dynamics in Wide Neural Networkscited by 19
- 2022Globally Gated Deep Linear Networkscited by 12
- 2023A foundational neural operator that continuously learns without forgettingcited by 10
- 2023Levin Tree Search with Context Modelscited by 7
- 2021Training Deep Architectures Without End-to-End Backpropagation: A Survey on the Provably Optimal Methodscited by 5
- 2022Self-Activating Neural Ensembles for Continual Reinforcement Learningcited by 5
- 2023Local Learning with Neuron Groupscited by 4
12 most cited of 26 All 26 (JSON)
- 2026Decentralised AI Training and Inference with BlockTrain23 Jun 2026
- 2026DynaTab: Dynamic Feature Ordering as Neural Rewiring for High-Dimensional Tabular Data5 May 2026
- 2026Geometry-Aware Probabilistic Circuits via Voronoi Tessellations12 Mar 2026
- 2025A statistical physics framework for optimal learning10 Jul 2025
- 2025MesaNet: Sequence Modeling by Locally Optimal Test-Time Training5 Jun 2025
- 2025Memorization and Knowledge Injection in Gated LLMs30 Apr 2025
- 2024Expressivity of Neural Networks with Random Weights and Learned Biases1 Jul 2024
- 2023A foundational neural operator that continuously learns without forgetting29 Oct 2023
- 2023Leader-Follower Neural Networks with Local Error Signals Inspired by Complex Collectives11 Oct 2023
- 2023Levin Tree Search with Context Models26 May 2023
- 2023Hierarchical Partitioning Forecaster22 May 2023
- 2023Local Learning with Neuron Groups18 Jan 2023
12 newest of 26 All 26 (JSON)