mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Unsupervised Learning and Exploration of Reachable Outcome Space

arXiv 1909.05508 ↗First posted 12 Sep 2019cs.RO cs.AI cs.LGcited by 23

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Abstract (arXiv)

Performing Reinforcement Learning in sparse rewards settings, with very little prior knowledge, is a challenging problem since there is no signal to properly guide the learning process. In such situations, a good search strategy is fundamental. At the same time, not having to adapt the algorithm to every single problem is very desirable. Here we introduce TAXONS, a Task Agnostic eXploration of Outcome spaces through Novelty and Surprise algorithm. Based on a population-based divergent-search approach, it learns a set of diverse policies directly from high-dimensional observations, without any task-specific information. TAXONS builds a repertoire of policies while training an autoencoder on the high-dimensional observation of the final state of the system to build a low-dimensional outcome space. The learned outcome space, combined with the reconstruction error, is used to drive the search for new policies. Results show that TAXONS can find a diverse set of controllers, covering a good part of the ground-truth outcome space, while having no information about such space.

Key facts. Cited by 23 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 12 Sep 2019.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 9; 2023: 2; 2024: 1; 2025: 4; 2026: 1.

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  1. 2021Unsupervised Behaviour Discovery with Quality-Diversity Optimisationcited by 30
  2. 2021Dynamics-Aware Quality-Diversity for Efficient Learning of Skill Repertoirescited by 20
  3. 2022Accelerated Quality-Diversity through Massive Parallelismcited by 14
  4. 2021Sparse Reward Exploration via Novelty Search and Emitterscited by 13
  5. 2022Automatic Acquisition of a Repertoire of Diverse Grasping Trajectories through Behavior Shaping and Novelty Searchcited by 9
  6. 2022Relevance-guided Unsupervised Discovery of Abilities with Quality-Diversity Algorithmscited by 8
  7. 2021BR-NS: an Archive-less Approach to Novelty Searchcited by 7
  8. 2022Learning to Walk Autonomously via Reset-Free Quality-Diversitycited by 7
  9. 2022Online Damage Recovery for Physical Robots with Hierarchical Quality-Diversitycited by 7
  10. 2023Quality Diversity under Sparse Reward and Sparse Interaction: Application to Grasping in Roboticscited by 6
  11. 2021Discovering and Exploiting Sparse Rewards in a Learned Behavior Spacecited by 5
  12. 2022Hierarchical Quality-Diversity for Online Damage Recoverycited by 5
11 more
  1. 2024Generative Design through Quality-Diversity Data Synthesis and Language Modelscited by 3
  2. 2025AutoQD: Automatic Discovery of Diverse Behaviors with Quality-Diversity Optimizationcited by 3
  3. 2021Quality-Diversity Meta-Evolution: customising behaviour spaces to a meta-objectivecited by 2
  4. 2022Discovering Unsupervised Behaviours from Full-State Trajectoriescited by 2
  5. 2023Density Descent for Diversity Optimizationcited by 2
  6. 2022Guided Safe Shooting: model based reinforcement learning with safety constraintscited by 1
  7. 2025Vector Quantized-Elites: Unsupervised and Problem-Agnostic Quality-Diversity Optimizationcited by 1
  8. 2025Soft Quality-Diversity Optimizationcited by 1
  9. 2026Discount Model Search for Quality Diversity Optimization in High-Dimensional Measure Spacescited by 1
  10. 2022Curiosity creates Diversity in Policy Searchcited by 0
  11. 2025From Tabula Rasa to Emergent Abilities: Discovering Robot Skills via Real-World Unsupervised Quality-Diversitycited by 0