Unsupervised Learning and Exploration of Reachable Outcome Space
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Abstract (arXiv)
Performing Reinforcement Learning in sparse rewards settings, with very little prior knowledge, is a challenging problem since there is no signal to properly guide the learning process. In such situations, a good search strategy is fundamental. At the same time, not having to adapt the algorithm to every single problem is very desirable. Here we introduce TAXONS, a Task Agnostic eXploration of Outcome spaces through Novelty and Surprise algorithm. Based on a population-based divergent-search approach, it learns a set of diverse policies directly from high-dimensional observations, without any task-specific information. TAXONS builds a repertoire of policies while training an autoencoder on the high-dimensional observation of the final state of the system to build a low-dimensional outcome space. The learned outcome space, combined with the reconstruction error, is used to drive the search for new policies. Results show that TAXONS can find a diverse set of controllers, covering a good part of the ground-truth outcome space, while having no information about such space.
Key facts. Cited by 23 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 12 Sep 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 9; 2023: 2; 2024: 1; 2025: 4; 2026: 1.
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- 2021Unsupervised Behaviour Discovery with Quality-Diversity Optimisationcited by 30
- 2021Dynamics-Aware Quality-Diversity for Efficient Learning of Skill Repertoirescited by 20
- 2022Accelerated Quality-Diversity through Massive Parallelismcited by 14
- 2021Sparse Reward Exploration via Novelty Search and Emitterscited by 13
- 2022Automatic Acquisition of a Repertoire of Diverse Grasping Trajectories through Behavior Shaping and Novelty Searchcited by 9
- 2022Relevance-guided Unsupervised Discovery of Abilities with Quality-Diversity Algorithmscited by 8
- 2021BR-NS: an Archive-less Approach to Novelty Searchcited by 7
- 2022Learning to Walk Autonomously via Reset-Free Quality-Diversitycited by 7
- 2022Online Damage Recovery for Physical Robots with Hierarchical Quality-Diversitycited by 7
- 2023Quality Diversity under Sparse Reward and Sparse Interaction: Application to Grasping in Roboticscited by 6
- 2021Discovering and Exploiting Sparse Rewards in a Learned Behavior Spacecited by 5
- 2022Hierarchical Quality-Diversity for Online Damage Recoverycited by 5
11 more
- 2024Generative Design through Quality-Diversity Data Synthesis and Language Modelscited by 3
- 2025AutoQD: Automatic Discovery of Diverse Behaviors with Quality-Diversity Optimizationcited by 3
- 2021Quality-Diversity Meta-Evolution: customising behaviour spaces to a meta-objectivecited by 2
- 2022Discovering Unsupervised Behaviours from Full-State Trajectoriescited by 2
- 2023Density Descent for Diversity Optimizationcited by 2
- 2022Guided Safe Shooting: model based reinforcement learning with safety constraintscited by 1
- 2025Vector Quantized-Elites: Unsupervised and Problem-Agnostic Quality-Diversity Optimizationcited by 1
- 2025Soft Quality-Diversity Optimizationcited by 1
- 2026Discount Model Search for Quality Diversity Optimization in High-Dimensional Measure Spacescited by 1
- 2022Curiosity creates Diversity in Policy Searchcited by 0
- 2025From Tabula Rasa to Emergent Abilities: Discovering Robot Skills via Real-World Unsupervised Quality-Diversitycited by 0
- 2026Discount Model Search for Quality Diversity Optimization in High-Dimensional Measure Spaces3 Jan 2026
- 2025Soft Quality-Diversity Optimization30 Nov 2025
- 2025From Tabula Rasa to Emergent Abilities: Discovering Robot Skills via Real-World Unsupervised Quality-Diversity26 Aug 2025
- 2025AutoQD: Automatic Discovery of Diverse Behaviors with Quality-Diversity Optimization5 Jun 2025
- 2025Vector Quantized-Elites: Unsupervised and Problem-Agnostic Quality-Diversity Optimization10 Apr 2025
- 2024Generative Design through Quality-Diversity Data Synthesis and Language Models16 May 2024
- 2023Density Descent for Diversity Optimization18 Dec 2023
- 2023Quality Diversity under Sparse Reward and Sparse Interaction: Application to Grasping in Robotics10 Aug 2023
- 2022Curiosity creates Diversity in Policy Search7 Dec 2022
- 2022Discovering Unsupervised Behaviours from Full-State Trajectories22 Nov 2022
- 2022Online Damage Recovery for Physical Robots with Hierarchical Quality-Diversity18 Oct 2022
- 2022Guided Safe Shooting: model based reinforcement learning with safety constraints20 Jun 2022
11 more
- 2022Automatic Acquisition of a Repertoire of Diverse Grasping Trajectories through Behavior Shaping and Novelty Search17 May 2022
- 2022Relevance-guided Unsupervised Discovery of Abilities with Quality-Diversity Algorithms21 Apr 2022
- 2022Hierarchical Quality-Diversity for Online Damage Recovery12 Apr 2022
- 2022Learning to Walk Autonomously via Reset-Free Quality-Diversity7 Apr 2022
- 2022Accelerated Quality-Diversity through Massive Parallelism2 Feb 2022
- 2021Discovering and Exploiting Sparse Rewards in a Learned Behavior Space2 Nov 2021
- 2021Dynamics-Aware Quality-Diversity for Efficient Learning of Skill Repertoires16 Sep 2021
- 2021Quality-Diversity Meta-Evolution: customising behaviour spaces to a meta-objective8 Sep 2021
- 2021Unsupervised Behaviour Discovery with Quality-Diversity Optimisation10 Jun 2021
- 2021BR-NS: an Archive-less Approach to Novelty Search8 Apr 2021
- 2021Sparse Reward Exploration via Novelty Search and Emitters5 Feb 2021
- 2021Unsupervised Behaviour Discovery with Quality-Diversity Optimisationcited by 30
- 2021Dynamics-Aware Quality-Diversity for Efficient Learning of Skill Repertoirescited by 20
- 2022Accelerated Quality-Diversity through Massive Parallelismcited by 14
- 2021Sparse Reward Exploration via Novelty Search and Emitterscited by 13
- 2022Automatic Acquisition of a Repertoire of Diverse Grasping Trajectories through Behavior Shaping and Novelty Searchcited by 9
- 2022Relevance-guided Unsupervised Discovery of Abilities with Quality-Diversity Algorithmscited by 8
- 2021BR-NS: an Archive-less Approach to Novelty Searchcited by 7
- 2022Learning to Walk Autonomously via Reset-Free Quality-Diversitycited by 7
- 2022Online Damage Recovery for Physical Robots with Hierarchical Quality-Diversitycited by 7
- 2023Quality Diversity under Sparse Reward and Sparse Interaction: Application to Grasping in Roboticscited by 6
- 2021Discovering and Exploiting Sparse Rewards in a Learned Behavior Spacecited by 5
- 2022Hierarchical Quality-Diversity for Online Damage Recoverycited by 5
12 most cited of 22 All 22 (JSON)
- 2026Discount Model Search for Quality Diversity Optimization in High-Dimensional Measure Spaces3 Jan 2026
- 2025Soft Quality-Diversity Optimization30 Nov 2025
- 2025From Tabula Rasa to Emergent Abilities: Discovering Robot Skills via Real-World Unsupervised Quality-Diversity26 Aug 2025
- 2025AutoQD: Automatic Discovery of Diverse Behaviors with Quality-Diversity Optimization5 Jun 2025
- 2025Vector Quantized-Elites: Unsupervised and Problem-Agnostic Quality-Diversity Optimization10 Apr 2025
- 2023Density Descent for Diversity Optimization18 Dec 2023
- 2023Quality Diversity under Sparse Reward and Sparse Interaction: Application to Grasping in Robotics10 Aug 2023
- 2022Curiosity creates Diversity in Policy Search7 Dec 2022
- 2022Discovering Unsupervised Behaviours from Full-State Trajectories22 Nov 2022
- 2022Online Damage Recovery for Physical Robots with Hierarchical Quality-Diversity18 Oct 2022
- 2022Guided Safe Shooting: model based reinforcement learning with safety constraints20 Jun 2022
- 2022Automatic Acquisition of a Repertoire of Diverse Grasping Trajectories through Behavior Shaping and Novelty Search17 May 2022
12 newest of 22 All 22 (JSON)