Characterizing Bias in Classifiers using Generative Models
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Abstract (arXiv)
Models that are learned from real-world data are often biased because the data used to train them is biased. This can propagate systemic human biases that exist and ultimately lead to inequitable treatment of people, especially minorities. To characterize bias in learned classifiers, existing approaches rely on human oracles labeling real-world examples to identify the "blind spots" of the classifiers; these are ultimately limited due to the human labor required and the finite nature of existing image examples. We propose a simulation-based approach for interrogating classifiers using generative adversarial models in a systematic manner. We incorporate a progressive conditional generative model for synthesizing photo-realistic facial images and Bayesian Optimization for an efficient interrogation of independent facial image classification systems. We show how this approach can be used to efficiently characterize racial and gender biases in commercial systems.
Key facts. Cited by 23 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 30 May 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 6; 2023: 8; 2024: 2; 2025: 2.
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- 2021Pros and Cons of GAN Evaluation Measures: New Developmentscited by 123
- 2024Survey of Bias In Text-to-Image Generation: Definition, Evaluation, and Mitigationcited by 66
- 2021Camera Measurement of Physiological Vital Signscited by 49
- 2023Can You Rely on Your Model Evaluation? Improving Model Evaluation with Synthetic Test Datacited by 32
- 2024Identifying and Improving Disability Bias in GPT-Based Resume Screeningcited by 28
- 2023Survey of Social Bias in Vision-Language Modelscited by 26
- 2022Mitigating Dataset Bias by Using Per-sample Gradientcited by 22
- 2022FairStyle: Debiasing StyleGAN2 with Style Channel Manipulationscited by 20
- 2021Anatomizing Bias in Facial Analysiscited by 18
- 2023Motion Matters: Neural Motion Transfer for Better Camera Physiological Measurementcited by 11
- 2023Skin Deep: Investigating Subjectivity in Skin Tone Annotations for Computer Vision Benchmark Datasetscited by 11
- 2021Synthetic Data for Multi-Parameter Camera-Based Physiological Sensingcited by 9
11 more
- 2023Uncovering Bias in Face Generation Modelscited by 9
- 2023Synthetic Data in Healthcarecited by 8
- 2022ET-AL: Entropy-Targeted Active Learning for Bias Mitigation in Materials Datacited by 6
- 2023Improving Out-of-Distribution Robustness of Classifiers via Generative Interpolationcited by 4
- 2023Quality-Diversity Generative Sampling for Learning with Synthetic Datacited by 4
- 2022Enhancing Fairness of Visual Attribute Predictorscited by 3
- 2021Evaluation of Human and Machine Face Detection using a Novel Distinctive Human Appearance Datasetcited by 1
- 2022On Biased Behavior of GANs for Face Verificationcited by 1
- 2022Denoising after Entropy-based Debiasing A Robust Training Method for Dataset Bias with Noisy Labelscited by 1
- 2025A Critical Review of Predominant Bias in Neural Networkscited by 0
- 2025Auditing Facial Emotion Recognition Datasets for Posed Expressions and Racial Biascited by 0
- 2025Auditing Facial Emotion Recognition Datasets for Posed Expressions and Racial Bias14 Jul 2025
- 2025A Critical Review of Predominant Bias in Neural Networks16 Feb 2025
- 2024Survey of Bias In Text-to-Image Generation: Definition, Evaluation, and Mitigation1 Apr 2024
- 2024Identifying and Improving Disability Bias in GPT-Based Resume Screening28 Jan 2024
- 2023Quality-Diversity Generative Sampling for Learning with Synthetic Data22 Dec 2023
- 2023Can You Rely on Your Model Evaluation? Improving Model Evaluation with Synthetic Test Data25 Oct 2023
- 2023Survey of Social Bias in Vision-Language Models24 Sep 2023
- 2023Improving Out-of-Distribution Robustness of Classifiers via Generative Interpolation23 Jul 2023
- 2023Skin Deep: Investigating Subjectivity in Skin Tone Annotations for Computer Vision Benchmark Datasets15 May 2023
- 2023Synthetic Data in Healthcare6 Apr 2023
- 2023Motion Matters: Neural Motion Transfer for Better Camera Physiological Measurement21 Mar 2023
- 2023Uncovering Bias in Face Generation Models22 Feb 2023
11 more
- 2022Denoising after Entropy-based Debiasing A Robust Training Method for Dataset Bias with Noisy Labels1 Dec 2022
- 2022ET-AL: Entropy-Targeted Active Learning for Bias Mitigation in Materials Data15 Nov 2022
- 2022On Biased Behavior of GANs for Face Verification27 Aug 2022
- 2022Enhancing Fairness of Visual Attribute Predictors7 Jul 2022
- 2022Mitigating Dataset Bias by Using Per-sample Gradient31 May 2022
- 2022FairStyle: Debiasing StyleGAN2 with Style Channel Manipulations13 Feb 2022
- 2021Anatomizing Bias in Facial Analysis13 Dec 2021
- 2021Camera Measurement of Physiological Vital Signs22 Nov 2021
- 2021Evaluation of Human and Machine Face Detection using a Novel Distinctive Human Appearance Dataset1 Nov 2021
- 2021Synthetic Data for Multi-Parameter Camera-Based Physiological Sensing10 Oct 2021
- 2021Pros and Cons of GAN Evaluation Measures: New Developments17 Mar 2021
- 2023Uncovering Bias in Face Generation Modelscited by 9
- 2023Uncovering Bias in Face Generation Models22 Feb 2023
- 2023Survey of Social Bias in Vision-Language Modelscited by 26
- 2023Survey of Social Bias in Vision-Language Models24 Sep 2023
- 2021Pros and Cons of GAN Evaluation Measures: New Developmentscited by 123
- 2024Survey of Bias In Text-to-Image Generation: Definition, Evaluation, and Mitigationcited by 66
- 2021Camera Measurement of Physiological Vital Signscited by 49
- 2023Can You Rely on Your Model Evaluation? Improving Model Evaluation with Synthetic Test Datacited by 32
- 2024Identifying and Improving Disability Bias in GPT-Based Resume Screeningcited by 28
- 2022Mitigating Dataset Bias by Using Per-sample Gradientcited by 22
- 2022FairStyle: Debiasing StyleGAN2 with Style Channel Manipulationscited by 20
- 2021Anatomizing Bias in Facial Analysiscited by 18
- 2023Motion Matters: Neural Motion Transfer for Better Camera Physiological Measurementcited by 11
- 2023Skin Deep: Investigating Subjectivity in Skin Tone Annotations for Computer Vision Benchmark Datasetscited by 11
- 2021Synthetic Data for Multi-Parameter Camera-Based Physiological Sensingcited by 9
- 2023Synthetic Data in Healthcarecited by 8
12 most cited of 21 All 21 (JSON)
- 2025Auditing Facial Emotion Recognition Datasets for Posed Expressions and Racial Bias14 Jul 2025
- 2025A Critical Review of Predominant Bias in Neural Networks16 Feb 2025
- 2024Survey of Bias In Text-to-Image Generation: Definition, Evaluation, and Mitigation1 Apr 2024
- 2024Identifying and Improving Disability Bias in GPT-Based Resume Screening28 Jan 2024
- 2023Quality-Diversity Generative Sampling for Learning with Synthetic Data22 Dec 2023
- 2023Can You Rely on Your Model Evaluation? Improving Model Evaluation with Synthetic Test Data25 Oct 2023
- 2023Improving Out-of-Distribution Robustness of Classifiers via Generative Interpolation23 Jul 2023
- 2023Skin Deep: Investigating Subjectivity in Skin Tone Annotations for Computer Vision Benchmark Datasets15 May 2023
- 2023Synthetic Data in Healthcare6 Apr 2023
- 2023Motion Matters: Neural Motion Transfer for Better Camera Physiological Measurement21 Mar 2023
- 2022Denoising after Entropy-based Debiasing A Robust Training Method for Dataset Bias with Noisy Labels1 Dec 2022
- 2022ET-AL: Entropy-Targeted Active Learning for Bias Mitigation in Materials Data15 Nov 2022
12 newest of 21 All 21 (JSON)